Chapter One: Literature Review
本章主要关注的是上下文相关的某些理论，其中包括传统的上下文的理论和认知语境理论。认知语境理论，英语毕业论文，相关理论（RT）的框架下，是整个论文的理论支持。本章还涉及一些理论，阅读理解和认知语境理论运用到英语阅读理解之前的可行性。This chapter is primarily concerned with certain theories pertinent to context,which include traditional context theories and cognitive context theories. Thecognitive context theory, under the framework of Relevant Theory (RT), is thesupporting theory of the whole thesis. This chapter also concerns some theories ofreading comprehension and a prior feasibility of applying cognitive context theory toEnglish reading comprehension.
1.1 Theories Pertinent to Context
上下文是一个重要的，也是一个非常复杂的概念，在语言学，在国内和国外的许多学者已经取得了一些伟大的成就，英语毕业论文，尤其是与认知语境Sperber和威尔逊，这是截然不同探讨提出的建议传统的背景下，从静态的角度来看，传统意义上强调认知过程，但忽略了人类的心理活动，而认知语境探讨被证明是一个动态的过程。它强调传播者的心理状态，它提供了有说服力的解释语境的本质略论。Context is an important and also a very complicated concept in linguistics, onwhich many scholars both at home and abroad have already made some greatachievements, especially with the proposal of cognitive context put forward bySperber and Wilson, which is sharply different from studies of traditional context, astraditional context stresses the process of cognition from the static perspective butneglects the mental activity of human beings, while cognitive context study provesto be a more dynamic process. It emphasizes analysis of psychological state ofcommunicators, which provides persuasive explanation of the essence of context.
1.1.1 Previous Researches on Context
Since the notion of context was first put forward by Malinowski, a very famousPolish anthropologist, in 1923, various issues about this concept have been proposedrepeatedly and several classifications have been made during the past years, takingdifferent parameters into account, such as linguistic and non-linguistic context,internal and external context, traditional and cognitive context. This thesisconcentrates on the classification of traditional and cognitive context.
1.1.1.1. Previous Researches on Traditional Context
Malinowski in 1923 and defined as "the general condition under which a language isspoken". Language is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpartof thought. It is stated utterance and situation is combined unseparatedly with eachother and the context of situation is not to be dispensed with for comprehendingutterance. A word becomes understandable only when it is explicated by its contextof situation. The meaning of an utterance does not stem from the ideas of the wordscomprising it but from its relation to the situational context in which the utteranceoccurs.Although Malinowski highlights the significance of context in communication,either the nature of context or its impact on language choice has not been describedprecisely, and it has left to later researchers to explore in more detail the relationshipbetween context and how language is organized to achieve communication.
Influenced by Malinowski, Firth regards languages as a social process, as ameans of social life, rather than simply as a set of agreed-upon semiotics and signs.Context of situation as including the entire cultural setting of speech and personalhistory of the participants rather than as simply the context of human activity goingon at the moment has been defined. In order to live, human beings have to learn, andlearning languages is a means of participation in so
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