主谓一致是指句中谓语动词的形式和主语在人称和数上的一致。要保持主语和谓语之间的一致,应遵循以下三个“主谓一致”准则: 一、“语法一致”准则,即谓语同主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如: He is from Beijing.他是北京人。 We are sure he will come.我们肯定他会来的。 A lot of books are missing.许多书都丢失了。 二、“意义一致”准则,即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语表达的单复数意义,而不是取决于语法标记。例如: My family are well.我的家人很好。 Both father and mother agree about it.爸爸妈妈都同意做这件事。 三、“邻近一致”准则,即谓语动词的形式与其紧邻的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如: There is a pen and some books on the desk.课桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 主谓一致的例证很多,且较复杂。下面具体列举一些常见的类型。 一、在一般情况下,主语是第三人称单数和单个的不可数名词、抽象名词、动词不定式或动名词时,谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。例如: He often plays football on the playground.他经常在操场踢足球。 Doing morning exercises is good for your health.做早操对你的健康有好处。 To swim in the river is dangerous.在河里游泳危险。 二、主语是trousers,shoes,glasses等复数名词时,谓语动词应为复数形式。但有些充当主语的名词是以“s”结尾,形同复数形式,如maths,physics,news,politics等,实际上并不含复数意义。这时,谓语动词应为单数形式。例如: Maths is my hardest subject.数学是我最难学的课程。 There3s some good news in today3s newspaper.今天报纸上有些好消息。 三、family,team,people,class,police等集合名词作主语时,如果将其作整体看待,谓语动词要用单数形式;如果强调的是各个成员,则谓语动词用复数形式。例如: My family is a small one.我家是个小家庭。 His class are playing football on the playground.他班的学生正在操场踢足球。 四、用and连接两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词的形式依照下列准则处理: 1.两个单数名词不是指同一个人或事物时,谓语动词要用复数形式。例如: Tom and Lily are all clever.汤姆和莉丽都聪明。 2.两个单数名词合起来指同一人或事物时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如: The teacher and writer is my friend.这位老师兼作家是我的朋友。(and后面的名词前无冠词修饰) 3.两个名词前分别有each,every,no等词修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如: Every boy and every girl has a new dictionary.每个男生和女生都有一本新词典。 五、由either...or...,neither...nor...,not...but...,not only... but also...连接两个主语时,谓语动词的形式要和与它靠近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如: Either you or he is going to have a meeting.要么你要么他要去开个会。 Not only the students but also the teacher has gone to the Great Wall.不仅学生去了长城,老师也去了。 处理there be句型中的主谓语一致时,也应依据上文所说的“邻近一致”准则。例如: There are some flowers, three pencils and two books on the table.桌子上有些花,三支铅笔和两本书。 There is an orange, five pears and nine cakes on the desk.桌子上有一个橘子,五个梨和九块蛋糕。 六、主语带有由with,as well as,except,more than等引起的短语时,谓语动词的形式要根据前面的主语的人称和数而定。例如: He with his parents is going to visit Mount Tai next week.下星期他和父母要去游泰山。 His sister as well as his classmates is doing her homework now.现在他妹妹和班上的同学一样,正在做作业。 七、不定代词作句子的主语时,谓语动词的形式有以下几种情况: 1.somebody,nobody,everybody,anybody,something,nothing,anything,each, one, neither, either, the other作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如: Each of us has a Mid-autumn Festival.我们每个人都过中秋节。 Neither of his parents likes hot dogs.他爸妈都不喜欢吃热狗。 Somebody is following me.有人在跟踪我。 2. 不定代词表达的意思是单数意义时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如: Some of the milk isn’t delicious.有的牛奶不好喝。 All that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光的东西并不都是金子。 3. 不定代词表达的意思是复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: All agree with his suggestion except one.除一人之外,都同意他提出的建议。 八、以here, there开头的句子,谓语动词的形式要与动词后面的“真正主语”保持一致。例如: Here are the others.这是另外的(东西)。 There comes a bus.公共汽车来了。 九、其他应该注意的情况。 1. 主语是“the/形容词”,表示一类人,如the old, the blind, the sick等,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: The old are to be taken care of.老年人需要照顾。 2. 单、复数相同的名词作主语时,如Chinese,fish,sheep,deer,works,谓语动词要视具体情况而定。例如: The fish were swimming in the river when a crocodile came to catch them.鱼正在河里游,突然一只鳄鱼出来吞食它们。 The Chinese are a hard-working people.中国人民是勤劳的人民。 |
