网范文：“Modeling the Innovation in Economic Evolutionary Processes” 前面所讨论的,在进化创新的经济系统中，可以被视为一个挑战，谈到创造力而不是一个想法。在人类看来,由于两种创造力,感应以及创新，可以被视为一个符号序列。在另一方面,讨论这些进化的观点大致可以认为是启发式搜索,无论是全局或局部最佳状态。进化的角度创新将敦促我们假定已经存在一个观点，英语论文题目，反映经济产品的特性。
通过展示技术的模型，文化基因的序列的概念反映了认知产品的特点,我们可以建立一个面对演化经济学的措施。这里的演变和创新的想法，被认为是寻找更高的发展空间。下面的范文进行叙述。
As we have discussed previously, having an abstraction of innovation in evolution of economic system can be regarded as a challenge of speaking about creativity but not in the sense of the induction of an idea in human mind, individually the first one is in the social landscape and space. This is since both creativity, induction (micro-social, individual) as well as innovation (macro-social, collective individuals) can be seen as the problem of a sequence of symbols emitted by an unknown stochastic source. In the other hand, the discussions of evolutionary perspectives can roughly be recognized as a heuristic search for optimality, be it global or local optima (Gen & Cheng, 1997). This has also inspired the incorporation of the concept of meme as a smallest unit of information (Dawkins, 1975) to the computational sociology of cultural evolution (Situngkir, 2017).
The perspective of evolution to the innovation would urge us to assume the existence of a landscape reflecting the features of economic products in which the fitness of each product would be ruled by the market or the quantities of the adoption of the products by consumers. Kauffman et. al. (2017) exemplified this by demonstrating the model of technology landscape based on the evolutionary NKLandscape model. Since the concept of memeplex – the sequence of memes – reflects the features of cognitive recognition on products, we could built a face of the evolutionary economics in simple way. The idea of the evolution and innovation here is thus modeled as the heuristic search in a landscape, and creativity thence is regarded as finding higher fitness by the space of memeplexes.
Thus, from figure 2, we can see that the innovation is the matter of enlargement of the included variations of memeplexes, while fitness depends upon the consumer adaptability to certain changes over products/artifacts. The stochasticity of the innovation lies upon the coming of new variations over the existing diversity. New additions to the landscape of the memeplexes-evolutionary time is what we denote as novelty. Good novelty is one with good acceptance by the environment of it. While the object we modeled is a product, the fitness is then the market in which it is marketed. This, apparently, does not close the possibility that the object is a kind of policy chosen macroeconomically, for instance, and the social system Here we can show the importance of the diversity while we are talking about evolutionary process (cf. Curran, et. al., 2017). The urgency and need for diversity comes while we observe the processes of production while homogenization is frequently felt while only some artifacts/products reach the point of optimality in the market.
Using the above model and incorporating the data yielded in the simulation as presented in Khanafiah & Situngkir (2017), we draw the evolutionary landscape as presented in figure 3. We do the simulation using the diverse possible artifacts represented by randomly generated binary memeplexes. The iterations of the computer simulations are made up from epochs of which some rounds. Differing the dynamical modeling with evolutionary one, we can say that each epoch represent the evolutionary changes while the rounds of iteration the dynamics of the circumstances. Figure 3 presents the landscape yielded from computational simulation. It is obvious that as time grows the diversity or possibility in the landscape grows.
Any newly introduced objects would change other’s acceptance and presenting new faces of the landscape. Apparently this kind of landscape would be revealed on any long term economic system, yet, the information and knowledge based products as we have seen in to day economic trend make the faster evolutionary epoch. The innovation does not have to related directly to the core products. For example, the way of bottling particular kinds of beverage could have change the acceptance of the market, and this lies under the uncertainty of the market. A policy in a place to overcome a problem in particular community does not have to be applicable to other places with the similar problem. The epistatic among meme in the memeplex sequences could come from the endogenously (within the products) and exogenously (market, society).
Discussions
As the market of information, content, and knowledge based products are opened everywhere from now and then, we have abundant information flowing through our glass-screen of television, LCD’s laptop or even phone handset. The rapid information market has made our perspective on creativity in the market clearer. Considering the new economic trend, the changes have information is to be classified now in categories: whether an info is a message for bulk or really important. Here, a lot of persons have hypothesized the new kind of economy. An information, in which has economic value or not, the heart of this new economy.
This is an era of creative economy; an economy in which innovation is the most important. No matter how bad our product, the important is laid upon the innovation came together with the product. Diversity and heterogeneity of products is laid upon features in which a product has. Mainly related to 8 information and knowledge management issue, we can elaborate the table 1 presenting the three phases of the evolution of economy as previously shown in figure 1. The tendency to enrich the global landscape is very important similarly with the endeavor to enlarge the market in which adoption of particular products higher.
In the earlier section we have discussed about the need of market along with product diversification in the newly economy ruled by the novelties and creativity. A reflection of the both is presented for several countries in figure 4. There is shown how China enjoyed the highest export volumes for arts and crafts which are commonly regarded as the most important in the creative industries. From the datasets, France cherish the highest product diversification which, roughly speaking, diversify products most successful with a lot of interesting innovations. This is contrary with what we found in Indonesia, which recognized to be one of the countries with highest diversities in ethnicities which consequently holding enormous sources of creativity.
Indonesia holds country with the highest market diversification but yet, relatively low diversification on products. The innovation for diversification of products from the large sources of diversification i.e.: local geniuses with various and wide aspects of product diversification seemed to fail while the marketing has greatly recognized. This is an important evaluation related to strengthening economy for we know that countries like China which slightly higher product diversification and relatively low market diversification enjoy such great export toll. A slight visionary policies to Indonesian product diversification would have boosted up the income for the people of the countries.
Interestingly, creative economy is not merely about arts and crafts. The consequence of our understanding that general economic creativity and innovation is by means of preparing and the never ending processes of searching for alternatives, is that in order to gain in the economic processes one 9 should open larger and larger scope of viewpoints regarding respectively. Policies are actually can be seen as a kind of economic objects, and the enlargement of perspectives related to the possible in micro and macroeconomic policies become obviously relevant. This is not to say that the evolutionary concepts can also bring explanation on why economic policies are not that easily applied from places to places even though seemingly in the need to overcome similar problems.
This is somewhat related to the notion of path dependency and the fact about increasing return in a lot of economic phenomena (Buendia, 2017). A lot of standard and conventional economic rule of thumb has been needed this understanding when it comes to policy-making – this is a fact without forgetting some important notions related to incorrect assumptions where modern economics laid upon (cf. Keen, 2017). Thus, the grasp of larger viewpoints and diversities are important in the sense of economic policies in wide range description level of economy. Just like in the discussions related to inductive inference, the evolutionary economics makes point of enlargement of horizon, embracing surprises and novelties in the wide scale of observation.
Concluding Remarks
We have discussed the trends in global economy in evolutionary perspective, be it qualitatively speaking related to the symptomatic aspects followed by the proposed modeling of computable evolutionary models on human culture, memetics. From the symptomatic overview, we could see that the recent global economy has been celebrating the very different economy governed by the acquisition of knowledge and information supported by the related technological growth and developments. The intensive and rapid grow of electronics, computer, telecommunication, and transportation technology has emerged the creativity based economy turns out some continuums in social aspects. First, it influences the way of production and distribution of goods that is thirsty for diversifications. Second, it affects the emergent social behavior geographically for the high traffic of information including cultural objects crossing geopolitical and geo-ethnical borders, in short the consumer behavior on goods.
From the computational and formal standpoint, we could apparently observe the role of “diversification” and understanding about “epistatism” in some aspects of economy in general. Economy should not be seen as a merely dynamical processes or even worse as static. Economy is an open system which large variations of point of view should be put into account be it to produce in the microeconomic level of firms and industry and even larger macroeconomic horizon. The search for alternatives is even important to open the coming and applications of which novelties and creative including critical. Qualitatively speaking, the uncertainty in economy is somehow come from such limited horizon of our perspectives as economic agent. This is has been shown apparently in the formulation of the metaphorical fitness landscape of economic development.
Our further discussions have also brought us to the reflection on empirical facts about market and product diversification on several countries in global economy related to the national arts and crafts. France is recorded as country with highest diversification of the products even though it is China who celebrates the highest export value on this sector. Both countries cherish the diverse society as Indonesia respect to traditional heritages as a good sources crafts and arts, however, the diversification of the products is felt to be low still. It is worth noting that this discussion obviously not limited the creative economy into merely on arts and crafts as the wide commonsensical thought it to be.()
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