网范文：“Intelligent Agents in Military and Warfare ” 在数字电子智能领域，由于巨大的进步，现在逐渐被采用到军事领域,国防和战争。这篇社会范文研讨的是电子智能在军事领域的运用。在范文中，试图探究一些固有的问题,这样的系统对人类文明的作用和存在的影响。论述了人类伦理与机器伦理造成的问题，系统探讨了在军事作战中的长期优势。提出了一个国际标准，英语论文题目，英语毕业论文，可以通过所有国家绕过不利作用和解决伦理问题。
科学界应当把伟大天赋放在现在人类和世界的和平事业，给我们呈现的核武器无能和过时了。罗纳德·里根这十年开创了一个新革命,每一个新技术,都有来自人类的智力，从良性的医疗科学领域到有用的城市环境。
ABSTRACT
Due to tremendous progress in digital electronics now intelligent and autonomous agents are gradually being adopted into the fields and domains of the military, defense and warfare. This tries to explore some of the inherent ethical issues, threats and some remedial issues about the impact of such systems on human civilization and existence in general. This discusses human ethics in contrast to machine ethics and the problems caused by non-sentient agents. A systematic study is made on paradoxes regarding the long-term advantages of such agents in military combat. This proposes an international standard which could be adopted by all nations to bypass the adverse effects and solve ethical issues of such intelligent agents.
INTRODUCTION
“I call upon the scientific community in the world, those who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents now to the cause of mankind and world peace: to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete.” —Ronald Reagan As this decade-old millennium ushers in a new revolution of ever-advancing technology, attention inevitably turns to the novel idea of using this technology in the ancient and infamous fields of the military, defense and eventually, warfare. As with every new technology that has emerged from the intellect of man, we imagine the myriad ways in which we may apply it, from the benign domains of medical science to the useful needs of urban environments and remote explorations and eventually and inexorably to the more destructive needs of the battlefield. And it is this particular field which raises certain questions and issues, where we most need the humility of ethics. Ethics, also known as Moral Philosophy, is a branch of philosophical inquiry that addresses questions about morality— that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice, etc. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that we study ethics, as conceived by Aristotle, to improve our lives, and its principal concern is therefore the nature of human well-being.
Military, defense and warfare have always raised deep questions regarding right and wrong and have been the subject of innumerable debates worldwide. And as we hand over to humanity the gift of a modern technology, it is imperative that we pause to consider whether humanity benefits from it or turns it into an arsenal of destruction. II. WHY INTELLIGENT AGENTS? Imagine the overwhelming sadness and irreparable loss of a soldier returning home in a flag-draped casket to a griefstricken family (Lin, Bekey and Abney, 2017). It is quite understandable why the idea of machines on the battlefield appeals so much to the world. Machines do not die, they do not suffer pain. Not being sentient, they do not complain nor do they demand any rights like humans do. Being reconstructible, they offer a victory even in defeat. The fear of death in human beings manifests itself as the desire to use machines endowed with intelligent technology in wars. The horror of death creates an aversion in the human mind to recoil at the idea of battle. Nonetheless it does in no way discourage the spirit of man from engaging in war. As a result, man readily sends machines to combat on his behalf, believing their temporal nature to be immaterial and in the pretence of saving countless human lives. Thus, such usage offers man a partial deliverance from the fear of death. Intelligent machines, with high computational and decision making abilities also overcomes our limited capabilities, in effect, making them ‘smarter’ than human beings. Equipped with electronic memory and fast retrieval facility, it dexterously uses its knowledge database to figure out the optimal way to act, something which humans cannot do in a short period of time. Intelligent machines are immune to and unaffected by emotions, adrenaline and stress, the factors which are detrimental to humans, causing them to overreact or overstep or even commit atrocities (Lin, Bekey and Abney, 2017). Not needing sleep, not requiring food, working continuously for very long periods of time, they offer very economically bright alternatives to sending humans to the battlefield.
THE DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD
Technology is a double-edged sword (Lin, Bekey and Abney, 2017). As much as the good it offers, inevitably with it comes evil. Intelligent agency is also not without its risks and threats. Some of these include (but are not limited to): Unintentional or unlawful harm, brought upon by agents themselves unknowingly or based upon false or ambiguous information or knowledge about the environment or by the individuals controlling the agent, whether again, unknowably or with the intent to cause unlawful harm, Possibility of serious malfunction at a critical time may occur and it since it has occurred in the past, it would be too naïve to consider that such a thing might not occur again; it thus becomes difficult to trust such a system with critical decision making especially when many lives are at stake, Intelligent agents, at the end of the day, are governed by software systems not very unlike currently running our computers and thus, are very susceptible to capturing and hacking by unauthorized access. Malicious attacks such as these pose serious threats as the infiltrating party may decide to alter the programming in such a way that its actions are detrimental to its original cause, or may cause it to cause mass destruction, thereby turning it into a veritable weapon of terrorism, one of the very things we fight against! We owe gratitude to science fiction for aiding in our imagination of a world with and without intelligent agencies in our day-to-day lives, the scenarios that would occur if intelligent and autonomous agents went out of control and wreaked havoc in our society, maybe even leading to human extermination.
CONCLUSION
“In the end, war, no matter how necessary, or how justified, remains a crime!” —Ernest Hemingway It is to be remembered that scientific inquiry, investigation and exploration exists for the better future of humanity and the sustenance of human civilization. As the message of Ronald Reagan, at the beginning of this article, calls out to the scientific community to render impotent and obsolete the weapons of destruction, I would like to point out that we need not turn great talents to achieving the above humane aim because ethics and ethics alone serves the noble purpose envisioned therein. It is in ethics therefore that we must place our trust and our hopes of a better world. And therefore, before we unveil every new technology, however altruistic in nature, and present it to the world, it becomes our solemn duty as scientists, humble seekers after truth and guardians of a better tomorrow, to ask ourselves of the knowledge that we hold in our hands: Shall it redeem us, or shall it condemn us?()
网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文作品权归所有；未经官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯作品权现象，保留一切法学追诉权。()
更多范文欢迎访问我们主页 当然有需求可以和我们 联系交流。-X()
|
