网范文:“The Truth of Verbal Overshadowing”。这篇文章主要讲述了语言在生活中的各种应用措施；以及几种不同情况下对使用语言的作用因素。“根据言语描述侧重点的不同可以分为特征描述和整体描述。” I,The Existence of Verbal Overshadowing Verbal Overshadowing Effect (VOE) is the obstacle effect to the non linguistic cognition. The researchers found that the factors affecting the verbal overshadowing effect of words: time factor, verbal description task, distraction task, recognition test, individual difference, etc.. There are three kinds of theories about the interpretation of the word shadowing effect: the theory of recording interference, the inappropriate processing and transformation, and the standard conversion theory. Future research should focus on the content of the content or the content of the extraction. It is commonly believed that a verbal description of an external stimulus can help to remember. However, it is found that when the memory of the event is difficult to grasp with the language, the verbal description but a loss of memory, resulting in memory illusion. This is the verbal overshadowing effect (VOE). The shadowing effect of words and phrases is an obstacle to the non linguistic cognition.Jonathan Schooler and Engstler-Schooler first discovered this phenomenon. Testers were asked to watch a video of a bank robbery for 30 seconds, followed by 20 minutes of distraction, asking to read several passages and answer questions about it. Then the subjects were divided into two groups, treated with different treatments. Asked a group of subjects to write down the face of the robbery in detail, the other group was scheduled to do with the activities of them. The first group of subjects, identify criminals accuracy is greatly decreased, the accuracy rate was 38%, the accuracy rate of second group was 64%. This result is contrary to the positive effect of Bartlett and Daniel . II, Influencing Factors Time Factor Time factor mainly from the encoding delay and description of the delay in two aspects. After encoding delay (post-encoding) is to delay the time of encoding. Such as extended target stimulus presentation and verbal descriptions of time intervals, from instant to 48 hours. Delay post description (description) is the time interval for the extension of the language description and the recognition test. Meissner and Brigham show that the delay is an important variable, and the delay time is an important factor affecting the VOE generation. VOE disappeared when the interval was greater than 30 minutes. However, if the delay time is short (such as less than 10 minutes), there will be VOE. Another time factor is the time limit for the recognition test. Most studies did not limit the time to identify the target stimulus, and a few studies were limited to 5 seconds. The study of Jonathan Schooler and seventeenth volume second term shadowing effects and the research on the theory of Engstler-Schooler show that the VOE effect is eliminated when the time is defined to distinguish the target stimulus. However, Dodson found that the time limit for identifying the target stimulus was not affected by VOE. Types of Verbal Descriptions There are three types of language used in previous studies: The first one is to be asked to produce a verbal description of itself, which is the most commonly used method in the study of VOE. The second one is to give the test to provide a ready-made description. That is, read the language description, such as to allow the subjects to read the words of the target faces. Dodson and Meissner, Brigham and Kelly studies show that, even in this condition, there will be VOE. The third kind is the speech description of the non target stimulus. Which is the description of the face and the face is required to recognize the face is different. Dodson 's study found that the verbal description of the non - target faces is also an obstacle to the recognition of the target faces Language Description Meissner and his partner in the study were given to the subjects of forced recall, free recall or warning of memory. Forced recall is required to be tried to provide the best possible detailed and comprehensive description of the target, even though some of the details are not determined. Free recall is required to try to describe the target face. Warning of the recall is required to be tried only to determine the details of the remember, can not determine the details do not describe. They found that VOE was only in the first condition. Focus on the Task of Speech Description According to the different focus of the speech description can be divided into a feature description and the overall description (or configural descriptions featural). A description of a face is often described as a feature description, as well as an overall description. Feature description refers to the description of the object's parts, such as the eyes, nose, mouth, and hair. The overall description of the object is described as a whole, such as personality, age, and occupation, and so on. MacLin found that the description of the characteristics of the VOE, the description does not appear as a whole. Kitagami 's conclusion is that two cases are VOE, these results are not consistent. Distraction Task after Verbal Description |
