这篇讲诉了，自动民族志描述的是通常发生在我们的日常生活中，特别是当我们长大了常见的情况。年轻的孩子们学习成人世界的语言以这种方式。换句话说，有共同与自动人种一些要点。然而，这是令人惊讶的复杂和抽象，从字面来看，它要求人们从发现在秘鲁库斯科启动。一个学者发现这是非常长的用两种语言书写的手稿。一个是他们的土著语言叫做克丘亚语，另一种是不合语法的西班牙语。标题是第一个新纪事和良好的政府。普拉特发现了一些东西从他的语言特别的观点显著。这个有趣的手稿的作者，英语毕业论文，瓜蔓波马，英语毕业论文，显示征服和帝国在他的话的作用。它的最重要的特征是他引以为傲的基督教的印加血统和采用的组合。
Auto-ethnography describes a common situation which usually happens in our daily life, especially when we grow up. Young children learn languages of adults’ world in this way. In other words, there are some points in common with auto-ethnography. However, it is surprisingly complex and abstract from a literal view point, which requires people to start from a discovery in Cuzco, Peru. A scholar discovered a manuscript which is very long written in two languages. One is their indigenous language called Quechua and another one is ungrammatical Spanish. The titles are The First New Chronicle and Good Government. Pratt found something significant from his especially linguistic viewpoint. The author of this interesting manuscript, Guaman Poma, displayed the impact of conquer and empire in his words. The most important character of it is the combination of his proud of Inca descent and adoption of Christianity.
This manuscript is a letter and the first part is named “New Chronicle”, which is also the archetype of auto-ethnological text. A chronicle was the tools of the Spanish to prove their conquest and usually used by the official document. However, Poma portrayed a new world in “New Chronicle”. In his letter, the indigenous people shared the glory of god with these European conquerors. Cuzco, located in South American, replaced Jerusalem and became the center of the Christian world. Amerindians had blood relationship with these Europeans for their ancestors were also Adam and Eve. Poma also linked the history of Andean with five ages of Christian history and made the whole society closer to the traditional European viewpoint. He combined the traditions and details from their own customs or words of elders.
Poma was an indigenous Andean who learned how to write from his brother, a mixed-blood who accessed religious education from a Spanish father. As a special person influenced by two distinguished cultures, he described the society of themselves in the conquerors’ way spontaneously. Ethnographic texts are the imaginations of these European conquerors, whereas auto-ethnographic texts come from the ideas of conquered people themselves. They got information from European conquerors as well as their own traditions. Then impacted by the environment, the works which reflect their ideas, are presented as a mixture of cultures from outsiders and insiders. Auto-ethnographic works absorb the conquerors’ customs or idioms of European metropolitans. Some European idioms were accepted and accompanied with indigenous elements to form auto-ethnographic texts while others was swept out.
Auto-ethnological texts have no determined audiences. They might be metropolitan audiences or natives from their own community. It is natural for them to get into the dominant culture by speculating from a metropolitan’s viewpoint. These people such as the author Poma and so on represent the first generation influenced by new changes and intend to involve in a current and dominant culture. The whole circumstance makes up a contact zone. As conquered people, Poma held a mild opinion toward conquerors and wanted to benefit each other. He blamed the greedy Spanish whereas mimicking their language at the same time. This is a character of auto-ethnological texts and dynamics of languages and representations in contact zone.
After reminding and explanation of auto-ethnography, people will wonder the purpose and method of application of this analytical tool naturally. Pratt broke up the community of imagination and applied the item “auto-ethnography” to show a dynamical model of contact, collision, and involvement between different cultures. He also led people to recognize the necessary of these erratic things through contradicting our common sense in some ways. An article, Translating and Translation: Finding the Beginning, written by Alberto Alvaro Ríos, is going to be an instance of an auto-ethnographic text.
At the first glace, the author clarified his identification, a person who has dual languages or more. He began his childhood from a place located at the boundary of America and Mexico. Besides, his mother and father grew up in different countries and were cultivated in different traditions. Thus the author himself played a role in the contact of two cultures which is similar with that of Poma. We obviously cannot get the exact idea about Poma and rely on the analysis of Pratt. The confusion of audiences is also reminded by Pratt and explained quickly in the following paragraphs. However, people will be puzzled for a long time when they read this article. Despite only three pages, the article have cost much more time than that people spend reading several pieces of news, especially for ones who lack necessary background about a Mexican-style communication. Thus it is necessary for us to interpret the by applying Pratt’s tools.
The author leads us from the research of scholars to his personal understanding. Linguists function as an open word as well as their scientific conclusion. From the source of this phenomenon, Rios uses the basic words to eliminate the doubt of audiences. “Linguists, by using electrodes on the vocal cords, have been able to demonstrate that English has tenser vowels than, for example, Spanish. The body itself speaks a language differently, so that moving from one language to another is more than translating words. It's getting the body ready as well. It's getting the heart ready along with the mind.” Then he expands the scope of scholars’ conclusion that language transformations also accompany the physical changes to translating work. People can list other scientific articles opening with this strategies because of its effect, and the author also applies this technique. In my opinion, nevertheless, Rios presents his idea in the way same as which Poma wrote his “New Chronicle”. Poma quoted Catholic Bible whereas Rios used the conclusion of linguists. Why should they depend on these things? In fact, they are the people belonging to a fraction of mainstream, which need the tools of dominant groups to justify themselves. In this circumstance, Poma thought of Bible and Rios chose linguistics. By displaying the familiar context, it is more likely for the mainstream to accept the reasonability of their ideas. When someone who stands at the edge of a field, wants to introduce something new, the tactic will help a lot. Obviously Rios also make full use of it.
Following the introduction of the theory and the author’s background, stories begin. But Rios emphasizes his personal understanding before stories in order to explain it more clearly. As the person living in a confused environment, he regards translation as an important part of his life and his experience makes dual languages learning important. More information and traditions of others’ life involved into his life by dual languages as well as the collision between these languages. His thought and recognition of his growing environment also become more reasonable. The application of a metaphor helps his expression about his condition. There is no doubt that an eye can observe the world, but two lenses create a better sight for the observers. As what Rios says in the article: “The apparatus, the binoculars, are of course physically clumsy - as is the learning of two languages, and all the signage and so on that this entails - they're clumsy, but once put to the eyes a new world in that moment opens up to us. And it's not a new world at all - it's the same world, but simply better seen, and therefore better understood.” A new world appears although it is the same world. Rios gives a good explanation for following stories. We can find similar narrative from Poma’s words. All of us know that Poma lived in the dominant of the Spanish and a new era began for the invasion of the Spanish. It is sad but not choice. It is curious that Poma put the Indian into the story of Bible and even arranged a position for their Indian ancient among the children of Adam and Eva. Rios also wrote in this way, placing the Mexican tradition into Western dominant ideology and considering them as the same world. It is, actually, the personal illusion of the author and can be described as a deep gap between two cultures. The clumsy is easy to understand because a writer writes and speak in English intending to understand the tradition of his ancients who speak Mexican basically.
Several stories follow these declarations. The first one is easy to understand and the author tells us about the different ideas about a word. After the painting, his mother knew the actual meaning of limon from a Mexican view point. The latter one is a narrative about the illegal action and different interpretation from two sides. A man who only spoke Spanish was arrested for his illegal crossing action. He kept silent for five days in a cell despite nobody bothered him again after the arrest. He lacked a language to communicate with jailers obviously, but he could also make sound in order to ask for water and food because he should be treated as a human being. However, he relied on the manner and just did not say anything, until someone found him. This manner is a prospect about others’ request. Without efficient communication, there is no place to arrange a translation. Rios intended to underscore the importance of languages and their translation. Audiences will be confused about the purpose of this story when reading it. In fact, it is a mixture of the cultures keeps readers from understanding. From the author’s viewpoint, the silence leads to this accidence instead of the carelessness of jailers. Obviously he considered it comprising with a dominant opinion. The background of it is the despising and overlook of American jailers to Mexicans, but Rios blamed clumsy of translation. What a typical viewpoint of the mainstream. It exemplifies an auto-anthropological text written by an aliened sibling.
When it comes to the story related the author, it will put audiences into the confusion. A non-gifted student asked the author two questions in an offensive way whereas the author replies to it peacefully. Without much explanation, the author understood him regardless the offenses from other and was touched by his new realization about translation. It really confuses audiences, including me. In this situation, exploration about the essence of the article is an efficient way to solve the problem. For instance, “He nodded his head. You really like this poetry shit, he asked.” In a common communication, “shit” usually expresses an unrespectable attitude and I even have a prospect of fight. In addition, the following sentence is “And then he followed with the very best thing I could have hoped for. So, how many fights you had?” Obviously a storm is coming. But the author realized that he was making an equation. Therefore, audiences should be aware of the catch phrase, shit. It might be used as a pet in the circle of non-gifted students and does not mean any rudeness. It is a typical example in a contact zone and Pratt as well his method remind audiences the source of the misunderstanding. In the final part, a personal growing experience of people living in collisions such as Rios and Poma makes confusions. In order to understand it, the awareness of the existence of contact zone is very essential and plays a key role for readers.
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