这篇描述的是一个著名的法国艺术家Marc Chagall的生平事迹。他生于1887年,1985年死于法国，他在几个分支的艺术留下一个巨大的收集工作,以及丰富的遗产作为主要的犹太艺术家和现代主义的先驱。他的著作对超现实主义有巨大的作用，英语论文题目，他的一生收到了很多声誉。毕加索曾经说过 "When Matisse died, Chagall will be the only painter left who understands what color really is."
Marc Chagall was a well-known French artist who was raised up in a poor devoutly Jewish family in Belarus in Russia with eight other siblings. He was born in 1887 and died in France in1985 leaving behind a vast collection of works in several branches of the arts, as well as a rich legacy as a major Jewish artist and a pioneer of modernism. His works had an immense impact on Surrealism. He received much reputation during his life. Pablo Picasso once said of the artist, "When Matisse died, Chagall will be the only painter left who understands what color really is."
Chagall studied painting in St. Petersburg at the Imperial Society for the Protection of the Arts where he met several writers and artists, including Guillaume Apollinaire, Robert Delaunay and Albert Gleizes after learning the basic skills of drawing in 1910. "The Dead Man" (1908) was one of the characteristic works during this period. It was a painting that depicted a violinist in a nightmarish rooftop scene. The character as violinist was a recurring image in his works.
Chagall married Bella in 1915. Since then, he created "Birthday" (1915-23) and "Double Portrait with a Glass of Wine" (1917). Chagall had learned engraving while in Berlin. During the 1930s, besides painting and engraving, Chagall traveled a lot: to the herlands, Spain, Poland, Italy and Palestine, where he stayed for two months, visiting the Holy Land to inspire his Bible etchings. In Palestine in 1931, Chagall immersed himself in Jewish life and history, and by the time he returned to France, he had completed 32 of biblical plates.
His life and art changed yet again in 1944 because of his wife’s death. Thereafter, depictions of memories of his wife recurred in Chagall's work; she appeared in several forms—a haunted weeping wife, an angel and a phantom bride—in "Around Her" (1945), and as a bride in "The Wedding Candles" (1945) and "Nocturne" (1947).
As a French painter, printmaker and designer his works had much association with several major artistic styles, Cubism, Symbolism and Fauvism. Chagall's Jewish identity was significant to him all of his life, and many of his works could be described as an attempt to make old Jewish traditions and styles of modernist art in harmonious proportion. We could see from Goodman, a scholar of Chagall's work, which told that during Chagall's lifetime in Russia, Jews had two basic alternatives for joining the art world: One was to "hide or deny one's Jewish roots". The other alternative—the one that Chagall chose—was "to cherish and publicly express one's Jewish roots" by integrating them into his art. For Chagall, this was also his means of "self-assertion and an expression of principle." However, the Christian themes which appealed to his taste for narrative and allegory appeared in his works occasionally. Why did he put both Jewish beliefs and Christian beliefs in his works? The reasons are as follows:
Firstly, Chagall had experienced both World War I and World War II, he witnessed the unrest and the time of hardship. Stranding by the outbreak of World War I, Chagall embraced local scenes in his art, working at the time in an unusually realistic style. Paintings such as "The Praying Jew" (or "The Rabbi of Vitebsk"; 1914) and "Jew in Green" (1914) emerged during this period. During World War II a large number of Jews were massacred which had great impact on him. At that period, Chagall's paintings were of a different tone, with terror and persecution taking on foreground roles. He strongly longed for the peace and harmony of the society so he expressed his wishes through adding the ideas of Christian belief which recognizes Jesus as the Son of God who was sent to save mankind from death and sin.
Secondly, An early modernist, Chagall created works in nearly every artistic medium, including sets for plays and ballets, biblical etchings, and stained-glass windows. Often, We could see in his paintings the churches, which showed the importance of religion in his mind.
Thirdly, In "Solitude" (1933), Chagall's anxiety over the fate of humanity is represented by an atmosphere of despondency and in the figure of the huddled, pious Jew; in "White Crucifixion" (1938), Jewish and Christian symbols are mixed in a depiction of a Nazi crowd terrorizing Jews.
Fourthly, in the late years, Chagall returned back to his inner world. He no longer painted scenes of hometown, but Greek mythology, Christian faith and life experience and trace. In his life, Chagall painted to express the state of his mind at different life stages, including nostalgia, love, racial persecution. He succeeded in making the painting to be common language of human beings. That’s another reason why there were many Christian themes appearing in his works.
Chagall’s works had many features as below:
He spent only 32 years in Russia during his 86 years life. But he was deeply impressed by the memories of those days. One work in particular, I and the Village (1911), pre-dated Surrealism as an artistic expression of psychic reality, with a woman milking the goats , the Russians appearing in the picture of rural housing, church, a couple of men holding a scythe. It’s a combination of memories and real, Chagall properly expressed his happy memories for the hometown through geometric lines of cubism in Paris. You could see the Russian countryside landscape in other works. Ninety percent of his paintings have the characters as a cow or a horse. We could judge by this how important his hometown to him. Childhood of his hometown was the source for the creation of Russian scenery and gorgeous bright colors with ‘love’. His work was more than happiness and love it expressed also nostalgic feeling.
At first glance, we would like walking into a dreaming world when appreciating Chagall’s works. Indeed, he was the first artist to be regarded as" supernatural" painter. By reading more of his pieces, you would find some recurring things in his paintings such as cattle , violin , lovers ... and so on.
The commendable merit of Chagall is that he clearly understand himself. The artistic styles of Cubism, Symbolism and Fauvism cannot precisely express his memories of childhood and his inner world. As he said "My hands were too soft… I had to find some special occupation, some kind of work that would not force me to turn away from the sky and the stars, that would allow me to discover the meaning of life." He insisted on his own style and finally achieved the success.
Before moving back to France for good in 1948, Chagall was honored with retrospective exhibitions at both the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Art Institute of Chicago.
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