这篇讲诉的是殖民行为并不是欧洲人在17世纪的新发明，因为它可以追溯到古代世界各地。本文将介绍如何在19世纪，在戴维斯所说的第三世界国家被困在不知不觉中“著名的发展差距”,以及在20世纪，de-colonists意识到他们的情况如何,设法逃离非殖民化运动。
Colonial action is not a new invention of Europeans in the 17th century, as it can be dated back to the ancient time throughout the world. However, it generated destructive effect on the colonized in the era of accelerated capital accumulation. Whether it is an inevitable painful process that those colonialized countries should experience, or it is not a necessity for them to undergo this growing pains? It took the colonized centuries to find their answers. The difficulties of de-colonization activities came firstly from limit of understanding of the harm of inequality situation formed by the colonization. However, to break out from the hypocrisy ruling of the European colonizers, what people need are not only ideas but also de-colonization campaigns. This article will introduce how the third world countries were trapped unconsciously in what Davis calls “the famous development gap” in the 19th century, and how the de-colonists realized their situation and managed to escape from it with decolonization campaigns in the 20th century.
I. The Secret of the 19th Century
To understand why people can break the fetters of colonization in mind, it is necessary to know what is the secret and what was the background of how colonialism has developed at the time. The term “secret of the 19th century” comes from the book Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World written by Mike Davis. Though it seemingly refers to the under-concerned famine in the 19th century around the world, but actually, it reveals on a deeper level the real cause of the devastating result of the great famine slush around the tropical monsoon countries, which should be the manners of forcing other countries open their market by those developed European countries. The background of this great famine at the time was the new imperialism, which Shepard refers “the building of European empires in the post-1860s era.” Here,“new”marks its differences from the imperialism of early age or the act in general. During the 1800s, the pursuit of overseas empires was unprecedented, and states devoted to develop new overseas territory from which they could exploit resources. The direct product of this forced opening is open markets, Shepard argues, “markets are always made.” This process, explained by Rosa Luxemburg, is the spasmodic accumulation of capital can no more be satisfied with the slow change of natural non-capitalist economy to commodity economy and so that the capitalist countries turned to the force, which was believed as “the only solution opened.” This forced opening has forged a development gap between the active colonialist countries and those countries forced to open, which, in Shepard’s word, is “shaped decisively in the last quarter of the 19th century” .
People’s limit of knowledge and ignorance made a part of true history a secret, and it takes people decades to unveil the connection between colonization and the destructive result from droughts. At that time, few people linked the catastrophic ruin caused by the great famine with this capitalism invasion. This ignorance had two forms. The first is that people viewed it as individual cases of natural disasters took places in certain poor countries. During that period, New York Herald’s journalist, John Russell Young, happened to travel with an ex-president of the U.S., to Egypt, India, and China, and witness the severe drought. Secondly, though currently, it is referable that numerals died in that disaster but at that time people mostly blame this result on the underdeveloped authorities themselves. The guilty gap has not been discovered until people compared the data of nature disaster with that in Europe at that time, which as Davis states, the famine had permanently disappeared in Eastern Europe while devastatingly increased throughout the colonial world. In 21st century, an economic historian who seems to have a thought of this phenomenon was Karl Polanyi, who wrote in his book, The Great Transformation, that “the actual source of famines in the last 50 years was the free marketing of grain combined with local failure of incomes.”
II. The Break Out from the Capitalism Fetters
People in the colonial world experienced a long course of decolonization struggle. Though “de-colonization” has developed many explanation in varied context, here in this article, “decolonization” refers to the anti-colonialism activities and the end of European states’ formal colonial empires. Nowadays, it would seem unimaginable that actually “colonization” used to be a neutral word for a long time. With this knowledge, it is easier to understand what kind of difficulties in ideology that those anti-colonialists faced. It was until the Great Depression had taken place in the western world, when most colonial subjects turned to overturn colonists’ government, which indicates that before that crisis, a group of the colonized had pursued to collaborate with those colonizers. When the European world fell in the crisis, the outweigh situation started to changed. Especially aster India and Pakistan gained its freedom from the empires, many other states declared its independents. According to Shepard, this trend of decolonization came from many factors.
First, after the Great War, countries with empires ignored the fact that the war had catalyzed new levels of discontent among colonized people and channeled growing numbers into new forms of anticolonial action. Second, these countries chose to protect the domestic constituents first, and this generalization of misery broke many people’s reliance of collaboration with the colonist and gave impetus to nationalist movements. Third, anti-colonialism gained strength during the big depression as diverse colonial nationalisms took root and the war sent a message to colonial people that European power could be defeated. Forth, from the angle of the international environment, fascism’s extreme actions made empires lost much credit among outside world, and at the same time, in order to shift the unfavorable situation for America, the president of America, Wilson threw out his famous Fourteen Points of 1918, claiming that all colonialism needed to end and calling for self-determination of all nations.
These factors were given full display in the independence campaigns of India and Algeria. Both people had been long realized the fact that decisions made in London or Paris about how to govern their countries could not be better than let them hold the decision themselves, and this consensus was not reached over one night, which took time for people in both countries to unite together for the same goal as independence. At the end, in both cases, “independence meant that the international community welcomed a new member, legally equal to other independent states in the eyes of international law”. But what separated two cases away is that the National Liberation Front in Algeria, which is also known as FLN, had waged violent war against French rule since 1954, as French denied Algerian sovereignty to the nation, its legitimacy came from combat while the nonviolent civil disobedience had been a key strategy of the Indian National Congress campaign for liberation.
III. Conclusion
The independence of India and Pakistan were precursor to Algeria and the dozens of other states that gained independence in the year 1962 to 1965. Besides these countries’ success, in the new century colonization seeks new forms of political control over their ex-empires. When European imperial powers gave up, however unwillingly, the empire still persists in forms of international companies and overwhelming international institutions. But from the long history of struggle of de-colonization, it becomes clear that whatever colonialism people choose to struggles against, the necessity is always to understand what kind of enemies they confront.
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