武则天是中国历史上唯一一个女后并占领了一个极为重要的朝代在中国力量。不同的人有不同的想法对于武则天和探讨她的多元化。本文主要从历史、宗教、唐朝制度等各方面来阐述武则天成为一代女皇的客观原因和主观原因。
Empress Wu is the only one female empress in Chinese history and occupied an extremely important place in Chinese power dynasties. Different people have different ideas about Empress Wu and researches on her have been diversified. Some say she is ruthless and cunning; some say she is talented and symbolized that women can do better than men as well. Nonetheless, it is a miracle that Empress Wuzetian can be an empress and stand on the top of the power under the male-dominated society with highly sever social stratum and descent and force worship. Empress Wu had 21 years of supreme power to govern China and guided Tang Dynasty to a splendid prospect. The success of Empress Wu could be owed to both the objective reasons, such as special social setting, religious condition, and objective opportunities, and subjective reasons, such as Empress Wu’s strong characteristics, her talent abilities, her creating and mastering opportunities.
It is only Tang Dynasty that has the special objective conditions to create Empress Wu. Tang Dynasty has the special social settings, special religious reasons, and special opportunities for Wuzetian to go to the top of the power in the male-dominated society.
The Special Setting in Tang Dynasty
After the period of Control of Zhen Guan, Tang Dynasty was experiencing a highly developed society with splendid economic condition and prosperous and open culture. At that time, Tang Dynasty was the most open whether on the clothes or on the thoughts among many dynasties in China. Women thus has a relatively high social rank, which set a basic for Wuzetian to involve the political affairs. Meanwhile, the special custom of Jie-Hus in Tang Dynasty allowed women to go ahead of the front stage. For example, Emperor Li Shimin’s sister and Zi Shao’s wife were good female officers to guide soldiers in the wars; many women had the opportunities to take part in the political affairs, such as Princess Taiping, Queen Wang, Princess Anle, etc. Therefore, that Tang Danasty had the special social setting to allow women participate in the politics has been taken for granted.
The Special Religious Reasons in Tang Dynasty
At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the religion Maitreya received a great popularity all over the country, which made it divinely reasonable that Wuzetian took the place of empress and acquired the acquiescence and permission for her behavior of being an “emperor” as a female figure in the male-dominated society. According to the historical research, Wuzetian had a close and mysterious relationship with Buddhism. It was said that Wuzetian was born into a Buddhism family and was not taken to the imperial place until she grew up. However, she did not have good fortune at the beginning that she was sent to be a nun in the Ganye Temple. At that time, she was accompanied with Buddhist sutras and temple block day and night.
However, after Emperor Gaozong died, Wuzetian wanted to go back the imperial place and take the place of the empress. There was no case that a female figure had the opportunity to be an empress, so it was hard for Wuzetian to succeed in being the empress because of the lack of supports of public opinions. Fortunately, there was a case that a female figure being a great Buddhist in the end, so Wuzetian organized several groups of people to announce that Wuzetian was a Maitreya Buddhist descended to the world, who could replace Emperor Li to govern the country. Such the thing was delivered to the whole country and many followers believed Wuzetian was the right person to be an empress, holding the idea that it was the will of the Heaven.
The Objective Opportunity for Wuzetian to Be an Empress
Historically, Emperor Gaozong was a person with much sickness since a child and common talent, which provided a good opportunity for Wuzetian to involve the political affairs. During the period of Wuzetian’s participation in the political affairs, she gradually educated her own trusted followers and formed her reputations prestiges. Actually, Wuzetian presented her own great abilities and took many measures to govern the country well. She was called respectfully as “Queen of the Heaven”, while Emperor Gaozong was called as “Emperor of the Heaven”, which represented that Wuzetian was acknowledged her supreme position of empress. The mediocre Emperor Gaozong made space for Wuzetian to go to the top of the political position, the empress.
Apart from the objective reasons for Wuzetian to be an empress in Chinese male-dominated dynasties, the subjective reasons should play a more important role in making her success. Speaking of the subjective reasons, there were many kinds of factors for Wuzetian’s success. The most important ones are her great ambition and characters to govern people, tolerance and diabolic feature, creating and mastering opportunities and talented abilities.
Wuzetian’s great ambition and character to govern people
Wuzetian had strong ambition since she was young. When she was taken into imperial place for the first time, she realized that she could not feel at ease until she got great powers and governed the world. Thus, when she entered the imperial place for the second time, she tried to master each opportunity actively and spared no efforts to create opportunities to grasp the power for the purpose of governing everything and realizing her own political ambition. Her character of governing people could be witnessed in the cases to deal with the relationships between her and her husband, her mother, and her subordinates. For example, on dealing with the marriage relation, Wuzetian was asked to help handle the political affairs by Emperor Gaozong, but she tried to grasp each opportunity of mastering power and acquired power gradually. She established a strong information network to try to govern all the things of her husband Emperor Gaozong.
Wuzetian’s tolerance and diabolic feature
Wuzetian had great ability of tolerance in her life. When she was taken to the imperial place, she concealed her great ambition inner her heart and put up with all the sufferings before the Empress Wang. Before her husband Emperor Gaozong died, she tried her best to abide by Chinese traditional women doctrine and never went out of limit. It was really amazing that Wuzetian could tolerated for thirty years from 26 years old to 59 years old, when she wanted to be empress every day.
As for her diabolic feature, it can be witnessed in fighting for the power. As is known to us historically, Wuzetian used her own little daughter to defeat Empress Wang by killing her daughter by herself. At the same time, she tried to kill Changsun Wuji and Zhu Suiliang, who were the founding heroes, by the hand of Emperor Gaozong’s. When she mastered the power, she immediately killed Empress Wang in case that there would be any factors to injure her. To be an empress successfully, she could depose her son and force him to die. In addition, to strengthen her position, she created numerous unjust cases and kill a great number of people. Throughout the Chinese history, it was Wuzetian’s diabolic character that made her go to the top of the supreme position of being an empress.
Wuzetian’s creating and mastering opportunities adeptly
Overlooking at Wuzetian’s process of pursuing power, it was easy to see that Wuzetian was a pretty lucky women that she could always make a right choice and appear in the right place at the right time, because she was very good at creating and mastering opportunities. Wuzetian had a father who was adept to master opportunity and thus earned great fortune, so Wuzetian received good family education and learned her father’s ability. Apart from that, Wuzetian’s success could not leave out of her own development and efforts. When she entered the imperial place at the age of fourteen, she learned that Emperor Taizong did like women who had much knowledge and she immediately decided to learn Chinese four arts to win his love. When she knew she could not win Emperor Taizong’s love, she turned her eye on another person without hesitation. That she utilized her own little daughter to defeat Empress Wang witnessed her great ability of creating and mastering opportunity.
Wuzetian’s talented ability
In Chinese history, there was no lack of female figures to master the supreme power, but only Wuzetian gave a great and profound influence in Chinese dynasties. Wuzetian was recorded that she had erudite knowledge and high political talent. Without doubt, Wuzetian had outstanding political abilities and wisdom to manage the country. She was good at guiding people and promoted employment reform and creativity that she broke the limit that the noble controlled the politics and employed the common people to be officers. She promoted Twelve Point Memorials and organized North Gate Scholars to put the doctrine “to strengthen the country, to utilize the talents adeptly, to enhance women’s position” ahead of her mind. During her government of the country, she guided the country to a new page of richness and strength.
In conclusion, there were many factors that Wuzetian could be an empress in Chinese male-dominated society. Wuzetian’s success could leave out the objective reasons of the special social openness, which provided her a good platform to participate in the political affairs. But the most important reasons were Wuzetian’s subjective reasons of her unique characters to govern people and desire to master great powers, contributing to the idea to symbolize political tyranny in modern China nowadays. As one coin has two sides, it is normal that Empress Wu has merits and demerits for Chinese historical development, but I think we should try to study her strength for today’s life.
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