本文主要是一篇对于中国早期的移民和现在移民的范文。随着经济全球化的不断发展，移民成为一种普遍的现象。文中主要讲的是早期中国人和现代中国人移民的不同原因，进一步凸出不同时期吸引华人移民的原因。
At present, with the development of globalization, immigration has become an increasingly common and welcomed concept. Canada, as a beautiful and unique country, is attracting an increasing amount of Chinese to go and live there. In contrast, more than 100 years ago, there were also hundreds of Chinese who went to Canada, many of whom have stayed ever since. From the early immigrants to modern immigrants those Chinese Canadians surely have similarities; things that do not change even as time goes by, for example, their appearance, and their connection with China. However, there are also many differences among the situations of early Chinese Canadians and the modern ones：their social status, cultural barriers, and their living conditions. Those differences and changes are exactly what this persists to learn.
As reform and opening up policy，英语论文网站，英语论文，which was regarded by Hao Rui as the open-door policy and market-oriented reform in 1978 (2017), has caused great change both in Chinese society and its international role and international polices, many aspects of immigration before and after the policy was carried out are largely different. Therefore, Chinese immigrants in Canada can be generally divided into two types: immigrants who settled down in Canada before reforming and opening up and immigrants who settled down in Canada after reforming and opening up. The former group of immigrants can be defined as early immigrants and the latter group can be defined as modern immigrants.
In the spring and summer of 1858, thirty thousand to thirty-five thousand gold prospectors and others from California, Oregon, and Washington crossed into British territory (today British Columbia) to join the few who had been there since the previous year. Many of them reached the Fraser River, where they began working placer gold deposits on bars from Chilliwack upstream (Kennedy & Nelson, 2017). Many Chinese, mainly Chinese workers in America also entered into the Fraser River Valley to seek gold and thus make their fortune. Another reason for the Chinese to flood into Canada was the construction of the Pacific Ocean Railway in the 1880s, which acrossed the whole Canadian from east to west and was proposed by the Canadian government to utilize the resources of Western Canada. For this reason, many a Chinese person was hired as a worker.
The backwardness of the China then was also a motivation for them to leave and settle down in Canada. Thus immigration to other countries like Canada seemed to be a good approach for the then Chinese and their children to pursue their freedom, happiness and wealth
In the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 (the Chinese Exclusion Act), Parliament banned Chinese immigration to Canada, more than forty years after the U.S. Congress had taken a similar step. The Parliament of Canada was unable to enact an exclusion act earlier because Great Britain controlled its foreign policy until 1923. The Chinese were the only ethnic group ever banned from Canada. The government of British Columbia stripped Chinese of the right to vote in 1896 (Kenneth, 2017). These are reasons why Chinese immigration slowed for many years.
After the reform and opening up policy was carried out in 1970s, China has witnessed tremendous economic and social development. By now China’s economic volume even surpasses Canada’s. However, every year there are still thousands of Chinese who choose to go to countries like Canada and settle down there. There are many reasons for them to immigrate to Canada.
Canada has a beautiful natural environment and comfortable climate. The living quality in Canada is regarded as the best living quality in the world. Canada’s education and healthcare systems are quite good. The last reason is that nowadays in Canada institutional discrimination has been largely eliminated and multiculturalism can be accepted easier.
As the early immigrants mainly came from rural areas in China, usually they were in low education level and most of them did not know how to speak foreign languages such as English and French. Because of these and that it is racialized state actions that must be brought to the front of any discussion of the barriers (Shanti, 2017), early Canadian immigrants usually worked as manual workers with low salary, which leads to their bad living condition. During the gold rush and the construction of the Pacific Ocean Railway, many Chinese immigrants worked as employed workers in goldwashing, construction, agriculture and other service industry. After the exhaustion of gold fields and construction of railway, many Chinese immigrants’ career spread to other fields such as wood, coal, laundry, restaurant and agriculture. Because of their limited capital, low education level and the purpose to avoid competition with the local whites, many of them became operator of small businesses such as laundry, restaurant and grocery. They worked for a long time everyday but get only half or two third of white’s salary. Few of the early immigrants worked as non-manual workers.
There are three kinds of Chinese Canadian now. The first type includes skilled immigrants, business immigrants (investment immigrants, entrepreneur immigrants and self-employed immigrants). After the reform and opening up, many highly educated Chinese settled down in Canada as skilled immigrants. Investment immigrants and entrepreneur immigrants are relatively fewer because they can only be applied when you have a certain amount of net wealth and investment assets. Many overseas Chinese students in Canada tend to work and apply for skilled immigrants after they graduate from Canadian schools. The second type is family sponsorship, which including adolescent children, parents and grandparents. The generational differences in academic and psychological adjustment in these Chinese children remain significant after controlling for parental education and income (Chen & Tse, 2017). At the same time, family involvement in the career development of adolescents may be particularly salient among Chinese Canadian families (Young, 2017). The third type is refugee, which includes refugees supported by the government, self-helped refugee and overseas refugee. Currently an increasing amount of skilled immigrants are applying to go to Canada. Generally speaking, their career choices are presenting a characteristic of diversification. Many people are doing non-manual works and there are many businessman, professionals, even politicians among Chinese Canadians.
The modern Chinese immigrants are also facing many career problems. One of them is that their education background, working experiences and professional qualifications cannot be admitted by the professional groups of Canadian government. As a result many highly educated Chinese immigrants cannot find jobs that can make full use of their own professional advantages, which leading to a waste of talent resources and social costs. Another problem is that racial discrimination and stereotype have not been completely eliminated-some local citizens blame on Chinese Canadians for the rise of unemployment rate and criminal rate.
The early immigrants were deeply influenced by the Chinese traditional culture and ideas. They adhered to the idea of fallen leaves return to the roots, which was to revert to one's origin. That’s why early Chinese Canadians usually had the belief to get back home if they make enough money and were quire concern about the situation and destiny of China. Although they lived in a strange country, Chinese culture was the only culture they agreed with, in addition with the systemic racism and language barriers, they often lived together in Chinese community and seldom contact other races. This can be seen from a statement from the book Jin Guo: Voices of Chinese Canadian Women: My mother never attempted to Canadianize her thinking. She used to dry fish on our front yard and dry vegetables on our clothesline... we weren't allowed to wash our hair on special days (Chinese Canadian National Council. Women’s Book Committee, 1992). Compared with this, the modern immigrants are more open to other cultures, especially Canadian culture. To a large extent the modern immigrants have integrated into the Canadian society, culture and ideology. They get accustomed to a mixed cultural environment, by which their thoughts and ideas were enriched by this kind of combination.
As a reflection of reality and culture, Chinese Canadian literature has seen great development. Lien, Chao once said that the early Chinese Canadian literature is community based (1997). They made attempts to write about group experience of Chinese-Canadians and community history, which at the same time criticizing the racial discrimination of Canadian society and hegemonic thought of the white culture. The literature’s target was to reconstruct Chinese Canadians’ identity models. To contrast, the modern Chinese Canadian literature transformed their focus from surviving pressure and cultural conflicts to human uniformity beyond races and districts (Chu-Wrong & Chao, 2017). In Many-mouthed Birds, the authors concluded that the Chinese Canadian literature would break the long silence of self-depression and cry from the bottom of heart (Lee & Chu-Wrong, 1991). With the changes to the economic, political and cultural situation of Chinese Canadians is the change of literature’s subjects.
To conclude, Chinese-Canadians’ life has changed overtime and how these changes are reflected by literature. Early and modern Chinese-Canadians have different reasons of immigration, immigrants’ different career choices after immigration, different cultural situations encountered by immigrants and different subjects of Chinese Canadian Literature. The research is important partly because there are more and more Chinese to go to Canada as immigrants and issues about this should be studied more, and partly because to know the changes that have happened is good for the understanding of the changes that are going to happen.
Bibliography
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