This study conducted comprehensive analysis of concepts, characteristics, creation factors, formation processes, and types of euphemisms from the perspective of communication to set euphemisms as a category of linguistic expressions.
Chapter 2 exam...
This study conducted comprehensive analysis of concepts, characteristics, creation factors, formation processes, and types of euphemisms from the perspective of communication to set euphemisms as a category of linguistic expressions.
Chapter 2 examined the concepts and characteristics of euphemisms.
Euphemisms are a type of indirection expressions that the speakers use to avoid direct expressions of reluctant concepts instead of such direct expressions. The speakers use them to avoid unfavorable situations to themselves or acts to hurt the feelings of the other.
The study discussed the characteristics of euphemisms in the pragmatic, semantic, and expressive aspects. Found in the pragmatic aspect were the characteristics of avoiding the direct expressions of concepts that would cause discomfort and of converting direct expressions into indirect ones to express the concerned concepts. In the semantic aspect, euphemisms had such characteristics as temporality and synonymy to express the equal meanings to the direct expressions of reluctant concepts temporarily and also non literalization, which involves expressions not being interpreted literally. Finally, euphemisms had the characteristic of Liquidity, which involves various expressions for a single concept, in the expressive area.
Chapter 3 examined the formation processes and types of euphemisms.
The chapter discussed the formation processes of euphemisms with a focus on their creation factors, which can be divided into when the speakers consider their own face or refinement and when they are considerate of emotions of the other. When they are reluctant to use direct expressions to deliver the concepts of their choice, they demonstrate a process of expressing the concerned concepts indirectly via the intention of avoiding them.
The types of euphemisms were categorized according to two criteria: the primary categorization is based on a question "Is the euphemism part a proposition part containing content meanings or a non-proposition part showing the speaker's intention and attitude?" The secondary categorization is based on a question "Is what to be expressed euphemistically an object or its process or state?" In the present study, euphemisms were categorized into "object-based, process-based, and attitude-based euphemisms."
Chapter 4 discussed the syntactic and semantic characteristics of euphemisms by the categories.
"Object-based euphemisms" are in the noun and noun clause format with the speaker trying to express an "object" euphemistically. Their structures are the word format, the "noun-noun" phrase format, and "determiner-noun" phrase format. They convert into different concepts of similar attributes, upper-level concept words of broad denotation scope, or words only indicating a location or direction.
"State-based euphemisms" are in the verb format and verb clause format with the speaker trying to express the "process or state of an object" euphemistically. Their structures are the word format, the "noun-noun" phrase format, "object-verb" phrase format, and "circumstance-verb" phrase format. They omit a subject or object and are expressed only in acts or states such as "doing, going, leaving, and sleeping" in many cases with particular similarities between the "noun-noun" phrase format and the double subject phrase.
In "attitude-based euphemisms," the speaker's euphemistic nature is found in "speech or delivery method" instead of "concept" or "proposition." They include the type of expressing "orientation toward you" in "orientation toward me," the one of expressing "demand" in "favor" by changing the mood or intention, and the one of avoiding conclusion and expressing it in "assumption" or "estimation."
Euphemisms are expressed through "association" with other concepts close to the concepts to be expressed. Since a concept does not stand alone as a category but is in contact with other concepts, any attempt to express certain concept will arouse other concepts in their surroundings. That is, an intention to avoid the direct expression of a reluctant concept is associated with other concepts close to it, through which the linguistic format of expressing other concepts replaces the reluctant concept. That is how euphemisms are implemented.
Euphemisms are a category of linguistic expressions realized by the speaker's intention, having their own pragmatic, semantic, and expressive features. They are the expressions of politeness and consideration to hurt no one's feelings and show one's refinement and face. They also work to enable smooth communication and exchanges with others in the language society and are the linguistic expressions of daily life in which the cultural consciousness of society is well melted.
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