This thesis aims to reduce the frequent errors committed by native speakers of Korean learning Portuguese when using the Imperfective Past (Imperfective) construction. To this end, I first tried to pinpoint some differences and similarities between t... This thesis aims to reduce the frequent errors committed by native speakers of Korean learning Portuguese when using the Imperfective Past (Imperfective) construction. To this end, I first tried to pinpoint some differences and similarities between the morphemes and verb phrases of the Imperfective in Portuguese, and the corresponding grammatical morphemes in Korean, establishing a comparative analysis of this ‘construction’ and the consequent corresponding expressions in Korean in terms of ‘mood, aspect and tense’. I believe that a large proportion of the errors committed by Korean native speakers when using the Portuguese Imperfective comes from the absence of functional explanation, and the conception of ‘aspect’ in the existing traditional grammar books, which are used largely as textbooks on the basics of the Portuguese language and consequently adapted into Portuguese instructional materials in Korean. According to Paula and Coelho(2012), who conducted a study in similar terms with native Portuguese-speaking high schoolers, there was an improvement by them in distinguishing the function and semantic values between the Perfective and Imperfective Past of Portuguese, once adding instruction on the concept and function of aspect. In chapter 2 is realized a brief discussion on the categories of ‘mood, tense and aspect’, and the historical evolution of each category in both languages. The chapter 3 is a comparative analysis of these categories between the two languages, especially with respect to the functional values expressed by the Portuguese Imperfective Past. In chapter 4, based on the results obtained in the comparative analysis, errors committed by Korean native students were analyzed. These errors were collected from the incorrect use of the Imperfective in s from the Basic Grammar and Writing Course at the Brazilian Studies Department at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) during the academic years of 2012 and 2013. In 2012, the teaching of the Portuguese Imperfective was theoretically based in Portuguese language textbooks for second-language learners, and consequently based in traditional grammar books, which only deal with the categories ‘mood and tense’. The books only describe part of the notion of aspect related to habit, custom, and unfinished past events, without explicitly mentioning the concept and function of the category ‘aspect’. However, in 2013, the concept and basic functional explanation of the realization of the category ‘aspect’ was added to the teaching of the Imperfective Past. Therefore, to investigate the effect of adding the category ‘aspect’ to instruction on the Portuguese Imperfective Past for Korean native speakers, I performed a basic statistical analysis, comparing the errors in the above mentioned two academic years, and finally I suggested a method (a comparative table) to increase the efficiency of teaching and learning of the Imperfective for Korean native speakers. Finally, in chapter 5, I presented an overview of the objectives and outcomes of this research, and also tasks yet to be investigated for further study. In the category ‘mood’, the basic contrast in Portuguese is realized through using different verbal morphemes for Indicative and Subjunctive, which distinguishes the speaker's cognitive attitude about a situation. In the case of Korean, both the cognitive and informative attitude of a speaker are carried by the ultimate or penultimate grammatical morphemes. Some grammatical morphemes with modal function in Korean, such as penultimate morpheme '-do-' and its variant ‘-don-’, which are used in relative clauses, present certain functional correspondence with the verbal morpheme of the Portuguese Imperfective Past construction. In Portuguese, the morphemes and verb phrases which are related to situations in the past and those which contrast with each other in Indicative mood are the morphemes of the Perfective and Imperfective Past, Past Future and Past Continuous. In Korean, the existing grammatical morphemes and phrases which express verbal morphology function and contrast with each other are realized by ‘-ot-‘ and ‘-ø-’. The past is usually expressed by the grammatical morpheme '-ot-', establishing in this way a basic binary verbal system to distinguish past from not past. In consequence of this reduced number of verbal morphemes to express different temporal situations, there is a need to establish a both absolute and relative verbal system. The morphemes and grammatical phrases of Korean which are related to the past are the morpheme '-ot-', '-otot-' and the grammatical phrase '-goitot-', so depending on the context or adverb that will be used alongside the past marker, the same grammatical morpheme may express different values. In the case of the category ‘aspect’, it is universally sub-classified to Perfective and Imperfective. In Portuguese’s case, this sub-classification is expressed by verbal aspect in verbal morphemes that are contrastive with each other. In Korean, there is no grammatical morpheme that represents this contrast, with the exception of grammatical phrase '-goitot-', so the semantic values of the verbal aspects of Portuguese are realized in Korean through the same grammatical morphemes of tense, which in past situations are expressed by '-ot' and its variant '-otot-', and their aspectual values vary depending on which adverb, context or word they are used alongside. Universally the Imperfective aspect is the marked case, which also in its turn possesses sub-classifications that differ from language to language, and sometimes, from scholar to scholar. The Portuguese Imperfective Past basically expresses Imperfective aspect, therefore, to establish a parameter for comparative analysis, I decided to base my study on the conception and sub-classification of verbal aspect of Travaglia(1985), who claims that only the notions of duration and phases of a situation have a direct relationship with verbal aspect, and the aspectual values expressed by the Portuguese Imperfective Past are Imperfective, Habitual, Started or Not completed, Cursive and part of Durative aspect. Moreover, Travaglia gives importance to the types of situation that the verbal aspect is combined with. The present study gives important attention only to the types of situation that may influence the comparative analysis of the situations related with Portuguese Imperfective Past in the two languages, which are: Static Situation, Atelic Process, Telic Process and (Telic) Event. Finally, I proposed a comparative table where I set the Korean grammatical morphemes related to the past, i.e. morphemes '-ot-', '-otot-' and '-don-' with the four types of situation mentioned above, and in the meeting of these two values, I distinguished aspectual subclasses following Travaglia with specifications of adverbs and contexts that influence the aspectual value in past situations in both languages. In chapter 4, to analyze the errors of native Korean speakers when using the Portuguese Imperfective, the errors were sub-classified into types of error [A], [B], [C]. The error type [A] is basically from explanations on the notions of duration and phases of the Imperfective without mentioning the conception and function of the category ‘aspect’ in the traditional Portuguese grammar books. In this case, the speakers improperly used the Imperfective Past in situations in which they should have used the Perfective Past. The error type [A] was again subdivided according to the uses of the Imperfective Past presented in the traditional grammar books. So in the error type [A1], the use was considered as 'expressing a past event, but not completed, giving a sense of continuity, in a space of the indefinite past'. In the error type [A2], the use was considered as ‘expressing a habitual or repeated past fact, being used to express habits in the past', and in the error type [A3], the use was considered as ‘when in narratives, legends and fables'. The error type [B] was assigned in cases where the speaker used the grammatical morpheme of the Present in place of the Imperfective Past. This type of error comes from 1) the absence of both the conception of aspect in teaching and learning of the Imperfective, and 2) from the existing difference between the verbal systems of the two languages, i.e. in Portuguese, at least, in the case of past situations it is not necessary to establish a relative verbal system, while in Korean it is crucial to explain the multiple functions of a single grammatical morpheme. The error type [C] was assigned in situations where the speaker incorrectly used the Perfective Past in place of the Imperfective. This type of error was found with the most frequency among the ed errors. For a more precise analysis, it was sub-classified into [C1], [C2], [C3] and [C4] according to the types of situation, Static, Atelic Process, Telic Process and Event, respectively. The cause of this type of error comes from 1) interference from Koreans’ native language, and 2) the difference existing in the sub-classification of aspectual value, and how this aspectual value is realized differently in the two languages. The efficacy of the addition of the concept and function of the category ‘aspect’ in the teaching of the Imperfective for Korean native speakers could be confirmed by the reduction of errors of the type [A1], [A3] and [B] in the group of the academic year 2013. In future studies, I intend to confirm the reduction of type [C] errors by adding the concept and function of ‘aspect’ in the teaching of the Imperfective Past along with the types of situation in which the construction is typically used. This would be especially useful for Static Situations and Atelic Processes, which were the most detected of the errors of type [C] committed by Korean native speakers. Additionally, to reduce errors of the type [A2], the difference between the sub-classifications of Imperfective aspect between the two languages should be explained as 1) the difference between the Durational and the Habitual aspect, and 2) the difference between Habitual and Interactive aspect in the two languages. Additionally It is necessary to explain difference between the two languages with respect to the need for a relative verbal system, in order to further reduce the errors of the type [B]. ，韩语论文，韩语毕业论文 |
