This study presents the meaning extension of body-part terms such as the kan, simjang, bijang, dam, jang, bae, sok, and kaseum and their English counterparts the liver, heart, spleen, gall bladder, intestine, belly, innards, and chest.
1st in both K...
This study presents the meaning extension of body-part terms such as the kan, simjang, bijang, dam, jang, bae, sok, and kaseum and their English counterparts the liver, heart, spleen, gall bladder, intestine, belly, innards, and chest.
1st in both Korean kan and English liver, there are similarities in the conceptualization. [MIND IS LIVER] and [A PERSON OR AN OBJECT IS LIVER] are the ontological metaphors in both Korean and English. But there are also differences in the conceptualization. [EMOTION IS LIVER] is a similar conceptual metaphor in both Korean and English, but the Korean kan has much more emotional expressions than the English liver. And [MIND IS LIVER] is a similar conceptual metaphor in both Korean and English, but they have the difference mainly between ‘the kan's size’ in Korean and ‘the liver's color’ in English. Korean is related to the Yin-yang and the Five-element theory that connects the size of kan and mental state. In contrast, Metaphtonymy can be applied to vocabularies with ‘-livered’ in English, and particularly ‘yellow-livered’ is associated with the four humoral doctrine that connects ‘yellow bile’ with the liver. Also, [A PERSON OR AN OBJECT IS LIVER] is a similar conceptual metaphor in both Korean and English, but they have the difference in the way of extension. In Korean, the kan has the metonymic extension, meaning ‘person’ or ‘thing’. In contrast, ‘chopped liver’ has the metaphoric extension, meaning ‘worthless man’ or ‘useless stuff’ in English.
2st in both Korean simjang and English heart, there are similarities in the conceptualization. [MIND IS HEART] and [THE IMPORTANT PART IS HEART] are the ontological metaphors in both Korean and English. But there are also differences in the conceptualization. [EMOTION IS HEART] is a similar conceptual metaphor in both Korean and English, but the Korean simjang has more specific physiological metonymy than the English heart in the process of conceptualization. And [MIND IS HEART] is a similar conceptual metaphor in both English and Korean, but they have the difference mainly between ‘the simjang's strength and size’ in Korean and ‘the heart's weight, strength, size, and count’ in English. Metaphtonymy with the interaction of metaphor and metonymy can be applied to vocabularies with ‘-hearted’ in English, whereas the specific physiological metonymy refers to the meaning extension in Korean.
3st in both Korean bijang and English spleen, there is a similarity in the conceptualization. [MIND IS SPLEEN] is the ontological metaphor in both Korean and English. But there is also a difference in the conceptualization. Korean is related to the Yin-yang and the Five-element theory that connects the biwi(spleen and stomach) and mental state. In contrast, English is associated with the four humoral doctrine that connects ‘black bile’ with the spleen.
4st in both Korean dam and English gall bladder, there is a similarity in the conceptualization. [MIND IS GALL BLADDER] is the ontological metaphor in both Korean and English. But there is also a difference in the conceptualization. Korean is related to the Yin-yang and the Five-element theory that connects ‘the dam's strength and size’ and mental state. In contrast, English is associated with the four humoral doctrine that connects ‘yellow bile’ with the gall.
5st in both Korean jang and English intestine, there is a similarity in the conceptualization. [MIND IS INTESTI] is the ontological metaphor in both Korean and English. But there is also a difference in the conceptualization. [EMOTION IS INTESTI] is a conceptual metaphor in Korean, but [A PERSON OR THE IMPORTANT PART IS INTESTI] is a conceptual metaphor in English.
6st in both Korean bae and English belly, there are similarities in the conceptualization. [MIND IS BELLY] and [THE MIDDLE PART IS BELLY] are the ontological metaphors in both Korean and English. But there is also a difference in the conceptualization. [SEX IS BELLY] is a conceptual metaphor in Korean, but [A PERSON IS BELLY] is a conceptual metaphor in English.
7st in both Korean sok and English innards, there is a similarity in the conceptualization. [THE INR PARTS ARE INNARDS] is the ontological metaphor in both Korean and English. But there is also a difference in the conceptualization. [MINDS ARE INNARDS] is a conceptual metaphor in Korean, but is not a conceptual metaphor in English.
8st in both Korean kaseum and English chest, there is a similarity in the conceptualization. [MIND IS CHEST] is the ontological metaphor in both Korean and English. But there is also a difference in the conceptualization. [EMOTION IS CHEST] is a conceptual metaphor in Korean, but [THE MIDDLE OR THE INR PART IS CHEST] is a conceptual metaphor in English.
So far we were able to confirm the claims with the Lakoff(1993) and Kövecses(2000) that human has universality because of physical experience in everyday life, and also has individuality according to the physical, social and cultural environment at the same time. In short, the meaning extension of body-part terms such as the liver, heart, spleen, gall bladder, intestine, belly, innards, and chest in both Korean and English has similarities in the conceptualization even though there are the different systems of languages, and also has differences in the conceptualization according to the different physical, social, and cultural experiences.
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