The ‘international marriage immigrant women’and ‘low birth rate’have become major social issues in South Korea. The number of international marriage immigrant women in South Korea has increased steadily due to local government’s policy that ...
The ‘international marriage immigrant women’and ‘low birth rate’have become major social issues in South Korea. The number of international marriage immigrant women in South Korea has increased steadily due to local government’s policy that encourages international marriage of old bachelors in rural agricultural areas. Among the diverse ethnicities of immigrant women in South Korea, Korean-Chinese, Chinese from the mainland, and Vietnamese are the major three groups. On the other hand, according to the‘National Survey on the MultiCultural Families in 2009’, the birth rate of immigrant women was only 0.9 person per each, which is lower than that of Korean women.
Recently studies on the quality of life of marriage immigrant women and the betterment of their social and cultural adaptation have been actively conducted by numerous institutions. Government policies and academic researches predominantly focus on measures to support and improve their Korean language skills, their adjustment into Korean society, and provide financial assistance for child rearing, and researches have been using different approaches aimed at addressing Korea’s low birth rate issue. However, there has been little study on the relationship between diverse characteristics of immigrant women living in Korea and their birth rate, such as their intention to have a second child, and what factors have influence on such intention.
Considering that international marriage accounts for nearly ten percent of all marriages in South Korea, international marriages are expected to contribute to overcoming the low birth rate. However, it is likely that immigrants would have different ideas about having a child and respond differently to that idea based on their ethnic and racial backgrounds. It is necessary to analyze the ethnic identities and cultural implications in order to effectively devise implementable government policies and create plans to increase birth rate. In doing so, a sound theoretical base is required. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the social-demographic characteristics of marriage immigrant women living in South Korea and their intention to have a second child, as well as to identify the main aspects and influential factors affecting their intention to have a second child. For the purpose of this , a group of marriage immigrant women aged from 20 to 39 with a single child was selected with the purpose of investigating the intention to have a second child based on their social-demographic characteristics. The group was selected since analyzing the immigrant women with a single child would be more appropriate than studying the childless married immigrant women. This study explored potential variables that could influence the intention to have a second child. By using ethnicity/race as a classification variable, I tried to analyze the differences and similarities of the marriage intention of having a second child, Using ethnicity and race as independent variables, differences in their intentions to have a second child, were examined. The next step involved using social-demographic variable and family variable drawn from previous studies on Korean women and their intention to have a second child, and analyzed the effect of each variable on the intention of immigrant women to having a second child.
Data used for this study is a sub-sample of the original data from the ‘ National Survey on the Multicultural Families in 2009’, Out of 69,394 female respondents of the original data, the top three major ethnicities of the immigration women with one child were selected, The number of Korean-Chinese was 3,316, Chinese from the mainland was 1,693, Vietnamese was 4,832. So, in total, the data of 9,841 people were used for this study. The analysis process is as follows. In regards to finding out the general characteristics of each ethnicity, frequency, percentage, and mean score of each variable was measured. In order to find out the intention of having a second child based on the social-demographic characteristics of marriage immigrant women, the chi-squared test and ANOVA were performed. Correlation Analysis was conducted to find out the relationship between each variable, Lastly logistic regression analysis using the intention to have a second child as a dependent variable was carried out so as to identify factors influencing the intention.
The results of the study are as follows.
Firstly, there are differences in the intention of having a second child, varies depending on the social-demographic and family characteristics depending on the ethnicity of the immigrant women and their families.
Secondly, Vietnamese and Chinese from the mainland have a higher probability of having a second child than Korean-Chinese.
Thirdly, among the social-demographic variables, duration of stay in Korea, place of stay, dual-earner households, whether the purpose of entry is marriage, whether it is a first marriage are found to affect the intention of having a second child.
Fourthly, all family related variables(women’s satisfaction with marital relations, sex of the first child, cohabitation with the parents of the husband, age difference between wife and husband have statistically significant effects on the intention of having a second child. Those who are more satisfied with marital relations and have smaller the age difference with their husbands have statistically significant effects on the intention of having a second child. This means that a marriage immigrant woman who has a satisfying marital relationship, a female first born child, currently cohabitation with her husband’s parents tends to have higher probability of the intention of having a second child.
As the ‘National Survey on the Multicultural Families in 2009’questionnaires had no question related to the ‘value of family and children’, It was not possible to analyze the effects of the value of family and children on marriage immigrant women’s intention to having a second child.
Despite the limitation, this shows that differences existed in three major ethnicities of marriage immigrant women (Korean-Chinese, Chinese from the mainland, Vietnamese), and their social-demographic characteristics, as well as factors that influence the intention to have a second child. The findings of this study not only suggest that different policy intervention needs to be developed for different ethnicities to increase the intention of having a second child among international marriage immigrant women, but also identify the similarities and unique characteristics of Korean women and marriage immigrant women by conducting a comparison analysis of several preceding studies that focus on Korean women and marriage immigrant women in South Korea.
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