This study started with perception of importance of problem finding in creative problem solving, raised problem on limitation of problem finding measurement. The purpose of this study is to develop and to validate an alternative problem finding test based on new translation about relation between a problem finding and insight.
This study suggested that problem finding measurement can be substituted for insight problem’s restructuring, based on Wakefield(1989)’s assumptive model which insightful thinking calls for problem finding.
Problem finding in this study was defined as ‘ability to recognize ill-defined problem that may lead to impasse, to analyze ambiguous context, and then to formulate well-defined problem’
Specifically, Restructuring of conceptual representation change was decided to measurement content of problem finding, based on critical analysis result about different taxonomy of insight problems and verbal insight problem’s empirical classification. Restructuring of conceptual representation change was defined as ‘ability to change initial dominant representation meaning to less dominant secondary presentation meaning.
Items type of alternative Korean-Restructuring Association Test(K-RAT) as problem finding test was patterned after items in the Remote Association Test(RAT) developed by Mednick(1962). The items in the K-RAT developed in this study consist of three stimulus words(burn, shoot, unemployed) that can be associated with the solution FIRE(target word) by synonymy. At first, 70 synonymous noun over 10 frequency in Frequency Analysis of Korean Morpheme and Word Usage Ⅱ(Kang, Kim, 2004) were selected to target words. In order to choose three stimulus word to represent 70 target word, this study gathered data with open-ended questionnaire survey of 150 college student for association word and its frequency of response given to 70 synonymous nouns stimulus. This data was reduced in three stage: 1) to categorize only association words associated in same representation 2) to select the most associative frequency’s word as representative word in categorization 3) to select three representative word in categorization ranked in descending order as three stimulus word. 19 items of 70 were deleted why associative frequency of stimulus word of percent less than 10 was decided to require high verbal ability to comprehend a word. And stimulus words including repeated letter with target word also were deleted why it may give a hint.
Several statistical procedures were carried out. For internal validity of each 51 items to measure restructuring of conceptual representation change, χ2 test was carried out to analyze difference of problem solving rates when information(synonymy) about relation between target word and three stimulus word was given or not in directing statement. The result of analysis appear to be higher in problem solving rates in condition to be given information. This result verified that K-RAT not to be given information about relation between target word and three stimulus word was developed as ill-structured problem of insight problem type. And difference of problem solving rates in two condition indicates that K-RAT in condition not to be given information requires problem solvers to find target word themselves using restructuring of conceptual representation change. Because K-RAT’s answer in condition to be given information about relation between target word and three stimulus word has two, 3 items was deleted. Consequently, 48 items remained.
For another internal validity of each 48 items, paired samples t-test was carried out to analyze difference of the degree of association between target word-stimulus word and stimulus word-stimulus word. The result of analysis was that the degree of association of stimulus word-stimulus word was significantly lower than the degree of association of target word-stimulus word. High degree of association of target word-stimulus word indicated that stimulus word was developed properly to represent target word. Also, Low degree of association of stimulus word-stimulus word indicated that relative distance between stimulus word-stimulus word is too distant to answer straightly, thus, an impasse is reached. This result verified that K-RAT was developed as insight problem type with restructuring of conceptual representation change which helps to understand relation of stimulus word-stimulus word.
Item response theory was carried out to analyze item of K-RAT. The subjects were sampled from an 512 students from college. An average index of item difficulty and item discrimination was high. And test of goodness-of-fit was revealed that 39 items of K-RAT were fit to 2-parameter logistic model. Item information function was revealed that item of K-RAT had maxim information at moderate level of ability. Therefore items of K-RAT was at moderate level of ability.
For external validity of K-RAT, Correlation analysis was carried out to verify convergent validity. There was positive correlation(r=.451, p<.01) between RAR and verbal insight problem classified with conceptual access of presentation problem in this study. The result of concurrent validity test showed that K-RAT was a valid instrument to predict the insightful thinking to measure restructuring of conceptual representation change. To verify discriminant validity of K-RAT, regression analysis was carried out to test the hypothesis the divergent thinking would be uniquely associated with insight problem solving, K-RAT but not non-insight problem solving, analytic problem solving. K-RAT and analytic problem solving were used as a predictor, to control for their shared variable. Linear regression showed that K-RAT was a unique predictor of divergent thinking(β=.407, p<.01), but analytic problem solving was not. In contrast, both analytic problem and K-RAT predicted fluid intelligence and verbal intelligence.
Based on the results, following conclusion can be drawn. The K-RAT developed in this study is a reliable and validate problem finding test which measure insightful thinking with restructuring of conceptual representation change. K-RAT provide a differentiated measurement method from other problem finding measurement method which requires only divergent thinking. That is, restructuring require convergent logical analysis to help determine the inadequacy of the initial formulation and to verify or falsify new formulations as they are generated. Once a flawed formulation has been abandoned, restructuring should require divergent thinking to discover the elements and structure of new formulations. Thus, K-RAT can be considered as a valid predictor for convergent thinking and divergent thinking.
，韩语论文，韩语毕业论文 |
