The negative polarity items have been studied insofar only focusing on limited vocabularies and word class. The steps this article following are like this: rather researching certain words and part of speech that have been emphasized too much until no...
The negative polarity items have been studied insofar only focusing on limited vocabularies and word class. The steps this article following are like this: rather researching certain words and part of speech that have been emphasized too much until now, I aim to maintain examples interjection, postpositional particle, and noun have, which can be found in ｢Korea University Korean Dictionary｣, ｢The Korean pyojun dictionary｣, ｢Yonsei Korean Dictionary｣ based on the standard of head word. After that, the fact that negative polarity exclamation, negative polarity particle, and negative polarity noun can only co-occur when it comes to stratum of word will appear. In addition, in case of idiomatic expressions, I eager to examine the expressions of negative polarity idiomatic item and discuss their grammatical and semantic function which include negative expressions, excluding manifestations which correspond as positive ones, always making co-occurrence relations with negatives.
To categorize the notion of negatives and negative sentences, I set up types of infinitives, for negative polar expressions correspond only with negatives. Considering negative sentences with syntactic discriminative standard, the sentences can be concluded as negative ones when they are qualified required negative formation regardless of their substances; while, accounting the definition of negatives which is opposed to positives, sentences cannot be confirmed as negative ones when the contents are not negative although they fulfill requested form. Similarly, when sentences have negative meanings, we embrace them in negatives category even though they do not have needed formation. In this , I discriminate weather the sentences are negative following the second criteria in most cases, still remaining the events applying the first standard.
The negative polar items are divided into five options, negative polarity exclamation, negative polarity particle, negative polarity noun, and negative polarity idiomatic item, when it follows morphologic composition. I examine how negative polarity items decide the degree of negatives co-occurring with antecedent infinitives such as ‘ani(아니)/an(안)’, ‘motˀ(못)’, or with negative predicates including ‘malda(말다’, ‘əpˀtʼa(없다)’, ‘anida(아니다)’, and ‘morɨda(모르다)’. The negative polarity items fall into two divisions, [hesitation] and [firmness] following the substantial qualification in negative sentences; in addition, the negative polarity items are also classified ‘active negation’ and ‘passive negation’ depending on the degree of emphasis and meaning of negatives.
In the section of exclamation, postposition, and noun, there are prerequisite negative polarity items that are always making the co-occurring relation with negative elements; however, there are also voluntary negative polarity items, which can make the co-occurring relation with positives as well when occasion demands. In this , voluntary negative polarity exclamation, voluntary negative polarity postposition, and voluntary negative polarity noun are also the target for researching although prerequisite negative polar exclamation, postposition, and noun are the main part of it. For selecting of vocabularies, I examine the exclamation, postposition, and noun assuming negative polarity characteristics when the meaning of head words used in dictionaries refers various definitions. After classifying expressions with numbering ①, ②, ③ and so on, I choose nineteen negative polar exclamations such as ‘kɨgətˀchʰam(그것참)’, ‘kɨlsʼe(글쎄)’, ‘anija(아니야)’, ‘ani(아니)’, ‘anijo(아니요)’, ‘amurjəmjən(아무려면)’, ‘asə(아서)’, ‘aigo(아이고)’, ‘에(e)’, ‘egje(에계)’, ‘ebi(에비)’, ‘ei(에이)’, ‘eitˀ(에잇)’, ‘jera(예라)’, ‘ɨɨm(으음)’, ‘ɨm(음)’, ‘kɨrən(그런)/irən(이런)’, ‘chʰam(참)’. Likewise, three negative polarity postpositions are selected including ‘pakʼe(밖에)’, ‘chʰigo(치고)’, and ‘kʰənjəŋ(커녕)’, ; three negative polarity nouns ‘kjərɨl(겨를)’, ‘naű(나위)’, and ‘tʰəkˀ(턱)’ are also chosen. Besides, following the discrimination of dependence noun and independence noun, seven negative polarity nouns including ‘ɛchʰo(애초)’, ‘anchuŋ(안중)’, ‘əchʰəguni(어처구니)’, ‘jənjəm(여념)’, ‘imanchəman(이만저만)’, ‘chʼikˀsʼori(찍소리)’, and ‘tʰrəkˀ(터럭)’ are selected. The classification is for researching the corresponding relation with negative infinitives, qualification of meanings, and substantial relation.
Meanwhile, negative polarity idiomatic item which comes to syntactic formation is categorized with classes like [negative polarity noun/negative infinitives], [[negative polarity noun/도(do)]/negative infinitives], [[general noun/도(do)]/negative infinitives], [[declinable word/도(do)]/negative infinitives], and [negative polarity adverb/negative infinitives]. Then I find their usages and semantic characteristics which co-occur with certain negative items making their meaning extreme. All negative polarity expressions have semantic relations and qualifications of [positiveness] or [firmness] since their indwelling contents are circumstantial meaning with social expects.
Key words : negative polarity item, negative polarity exclamation, negative polarity particle, negative polarity noun, negative polarity idiomatic item
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