| 年夜反动开启了一个新时期，预示着一个全新社会的到来，它要树立一个全新的次序。但是，托克维尔不雅察到，这个全新的社会却裹挟着它势弗成挡的力气在法国惊人地迸发，冲击一切、摧毁一切。这个全新的社会就是“平易近主的社会”，这类力气就是平易近主战争等的力气。所以法国年夜反动形成的“法国窘境”，不是一个特别成绩，而是本源于“源发性准绳”和“源发性现实”的“平易近主社会”的广泛性成绩。托克维尔矢志研讨这个“全新社会”的“天性”（nature）——平易近主的“天然”。假如说年夜反动在法国招致的损坏力和窘境是这个“全新社会”的表示，那末这个全新的平易近主社会在美国则更多地表现了它别的的一面——平易近主的“雅努斯”面貌1！在考核过美国的社会后，托克维尔对其社会和政治构造推重备至，具有浓烈自在颜色的乡镇自治轨制更是使其倾倒。美国社会就像一面镜子，在照耀出美国社会平易近主自在的同时，也折射出了法国社会真正成绩地点——自在的缺掉，特殊是处所自在的缺掉。纵不雅18世纪的权利更改格式，美国逐步接近世界权利的中间，而法国则逐步堕入边沿化的为难地步，当旧贵族试图将汗青的时钟倒拨回年夜反动前统治状态的尽力和守旧派效仿英国在法国树立君主立宪政体的测验考试均告掉败后，托克维尔终究在年夜洋此岸为法国和其它平易近主国度找到了幻想的政治底本。本文中，笔者试图经由过程对法国年夜反动前后的社会状态和具有浓烈自在颜色的美国乡镇自治轨制的保护身分停止梳理，从中总结出以美国乡镇自治为代表的处所自治若何赞助社会走出平易近主的窘境。本文包含引言、注释、结语和申谢三个部门。在引言中，笔者重要引见了托克维尔思惟的国际外研究状态、实际立异点、写作办法等外容，而注释部门笔者重要经由过程三个部门予以论证和解释：第一部门，年夜反动后的法国窘境之探寻。在这部门中，笔者重要引见法国年夜反动前后的社会状态，法语论文，驳倒了其时法国思惟界广泛以为的年夜反动发明了集权轨制的谈吐，法语论文题目，指出年夜反动前的法国现实上曾经是一个损失了处所自在的集权社会，而且是一个充斥特权的、分层的社会。社会分层和特权的存在扑灭了国民颠覆旧轨制、取得对等身份的热忱，旧轨制的年夜厦在国民的壮大力气和难以遏制的豪情下刹那间灰飞湮灭。但是旧轨制的消亡并没有给法国带来等待中的自在和繁华，相反年夜反动将法国从一个集权社会带入了另外一个加倍集权的社会，各类凌乱状态充满着全部法国社会。第二部门，美国的乡镇自治轨制。起首从美国的乡镇自治轨制树立动手，剖析在乡镇自治树立进程中的两个决议性的身分：贸易和宗教。从这两个看似互相抵触的身分动手，剖析殖平易近地树立时实施乡镇自治轨制的必定性，指出这两个身分促使英裔美国人衣锦还乡离开前提艰难的新年夜陆，而且这两个身分在乡镇自治的树立和保护中起到了互相增进和制衡的感化。绝关于壮大的中心，强大的乡镇若何坚持本身的政治自在？这是一个惹起托克维尔沉思的成绩。除宗教和贸易身分，在美国乡镇自治的树立和保护进程中，英国的自治传统也起到了极端主要的感化，美国的很多司法和轨制都脱胎于旧年夜陆的英国，是以从英国的自治传统动身就不难懂得为何英裔美国人如斯酷爱自在和处所自治。同时，在乡镇自治的树立和保护进程中国民主权准绳也起到了主要的感化，这些身分配合保护了乡镇自治的自在。第三部门，乡镇自在对于平易近主社会危机的解救。平易近主社会带来了身份对等，但是对于身份的特别酷爱会令人走向平易近主的窘境：一方面是原子化的小我对于小我感性的过度崇敬招致人与人之间的疏离；另外一方面，对于物资的过度喜好招致人们对于政治生涯的冷淡。这两个平易近主社会的和睦谐身分终究会使社会走向一种平易近主的独裁，从而障碍社会的成长。乡镇自治的涌现一方面促使平易近众介入政治，练习他们的公共认识，造就他们的政治本质，另外一方面也抵抗了中心权利对于小我自在的损害，包管了小我自在的完成。 Abstract: Revolution ushered in a new era, heralding a new society, it must set up a new order. But to Tocqueville observations, this new society they coerced the it potential Eph into gear strength in France an electrifying burst, impact all, destroy everything. This new society is "democratic society", this kind of strength is democratic war effort. The French Revolution so the formation of the "French dilemma", not a special performance, but performance extensive source in the "source of principle" and "source of reality" and "democratic society". Tocqueville was determined to explore the "new society" "nature" (nature) - democratic "natural". If the eve of the revolution in France lead to destructive force and the dilemma is the "new society" said that at the end of this new plain near the main society in the United States is more showed the other side -- plain near the main of the Janus face 1! Examined the American society after, Alexis de Tocqueville on its social and political structure to hold in high esteem to the utmost, with strong comfortable color of township autonomy of the rail system is the dumping. American society is like a mirror shine in the American Society of democracy and freedom at the same time, but also the real achievement of French society where free Missing refraction, missing is special place free. Longitudinal indecent in the 18th century the right to change the format, the United States gradually close to the middle of the right and the world, while France is gradually falling edge of difficult point, when the old nobility tried to history back the clock back before the eve of the reactionary rule of the effort and conservative follow Britain's lead in France to establish a constitutional monarchy in test had ended in failure, Tocqueville eventually in the eve of the ocean shore for France and other democratic countries found political dibon fantasy. In this paper, the author tries to through process before and after the French Revolution of social status and has strong free color of the autonomy of villages and towns rail of the protection of identity carding, from which summed up the autonomy of villages and towns in the United States as the representative place autonomous how social support out of the plain near the main dilemma. This paper contains three parts, introduction, conclusion and comments. In the introduction, the author mainly introduces the Tok Weil Faith Wi international research status, practical innovation, the writing way of substandard tolerance, and annotation, the author through the process of the three departments to be arguments and explanations: First Department, the eve of the reactionary French dilemma of. In this sector, the social status before and after the introduction of the French Revolution, refuted the meantime French thought circles widely thought to the eve of the reactionary invented the centralist system speech, pointed out the reality of France before the eve of the reactionary once is a loss of the centralized agency premises free will, and is a full privileges, stratified society. The existence of social stratification and privilege to extinguish the national subversion of the old rail system, peer to peer identity warmly, ha of the eve of the old rail system in the growth of the national strength and difficult to curb the enthusiasm of instant huifeiyanmie. But the demise of the old rail system and not to the French bring wait free and prosperous, in contrast to the eve of the reactionary France from a totalitarian society into another double centralization of society, all kinds of messy state full of all the French society. The second sector, the American township autonomy system. First of all from the American township autonomy system is set up to, in the process of analysis to establish the two resolution of identity in the township autonomy: Trade and religion. From the two seemingly contradictory identity hands-on, analysis of colonial and establishing the implementation necessity of the rail system of township autonomy, pointed out that the two factors prompted the Anglo American homecoming left premise tough on New Year's Eve land and the two factors in the township government establish and protect plays a role of mutual checks and balances. In the center of absolute growth, how powerful township to its political freedom? This is a cause of thought in Tocqueville achievements. In addition to religion and trade status in American township autonomy of establish and protection in the process, a self-governing British tradition also played a extremely important role, many American judicial and rail system are born in the old year night land of Britain is to from the British tradition of self-government start is not difficult to understand for Americans He Yingyi so comfortable and local autonomy has deep love for. At the same time, in the process of village autonomy establish and protect the democratic rights Chinese principle has played a major role, these factors with the protection of township autonomy freedom. Third departments, township free democratic society rescue about the crisis. Democracy has brought the identity equivalence, but on the identity of the special love will is to the plain near the main dilemma: is atomistic individuals about the ego perception of excessive reverence lead to the alienation between people; on the other hand, excessive preferences about materials lead to people about the political career of cold. The two democratic society disharmonious factor will bring society into a democratic dictatorship, and the growth of social disorder. Autonomous Township emerging hand make plain public involvement in politics, their public awareness exercises, bring up their political nature, on the other hand against the center right on individual liberty, damage, ensure the personal freedom. 目录: |
