二十世纪中期以来,结构主义语言学独占鳌头的局面被打破,语言学不再局限于对语言结构的探讨,而是把探讨重点由结构转向功能,由形式转向意义和认知,由语言转向言语,转向“应用中的语言”和“应用语言的人”。到了二十世纪八九十年代,“人类中心主义”的科学探讨思潮在世界范围内兴起并产生巨大作用。受这一科学探讨思潮的作用,语言学的探讨范式发生了根本性转变,进入了以探讨语言主体即“说话的人”或“交际的人”为主要对象的“人类中心范式”。在“人类中心范式”思想的作用下,语言学的探讨内容也发生了根本性变化。语言学探讨中呈现出了一系列与“人的因素”,尤其与人的认知或心理因素有关的语言学术语和概念,如隐喻认知、隐喻化、范畴化、概念化、认知图景、语言世界图景等,其中引起国内外俄语语言学界关注和重视的是语言世界图景。“语言世界图景”概念是前苏联语言学家率先提出的,并被当今语言学界广泛使用,这是自二十世纪八十年代以来语言学探讨领域最活跃的理论之一,是语言学、特别是语言文化学领域的探讨热点和核心概念之一,也是当代语言学的一种前沿理论。语言世界图景以语言、思维／认知、现实三者关系为探讨对象,这与哲学探讨的内容是一致的。尽管语言世界图景是当代语言学的一种前沿理论,但它并不是哲学中的什么新命题。该理论的产生由来已久,因为语言、思维／认知和现实三者之间的相互关系,自古以来就是哲学／语言学探讨的永恒主题。但有所不同的是,在语言、思维和现实三者的关系中语言世界图景理论更突出语言与人,尤其与人的精神活动之间的相互关系,因此该理论更具有复杂性和抽象性。俄语语言世界图景是一个庞大的知识体系。要想全面地了解和掌握这一知识体系,仅对其进行个性探讨是远远不够的,需要对其进行多维视角的观察,既包括个性探讨--对其内涵及知识概念的略论与阐释,也包括共性探讨--对这一知识体系共性特征的发掘与完善。个性探讨可以让我们从多个学科的不同视角更好、更全面地了解和把握俄语语言世界图景的探讨内涵和知识概念；共性探讨能从个性探讨中发现共性基础,将相对零散的个性探讨整合起来,有助于我们对俄语语言世界图景知识体系及其结构的全面了解和整体把握,更重要的是,有利于构建俄语的普遍语言世界图景。语言世界图景理论从其产生之初就具有很强的跨学科性。俄罗斯心理语言学、认知语言学、语言文化学等学科分别从各自学科视角出发,对俄语语言世界图景进行内涵及知识概念层面的个性探讨。这些个性探讨相对比较零散,缺乏整体性。通过探讨发现,事实上这些学科的探讨之间存在着某种共性特征,即它们的探讨有着共同的哲学取向,都是基于“人类中心范式”的语言世界图景探讨。在“人类中心范式”的视角下,俄语语言世界图景的共性特征就凸现出来,而且对其共性特征进行探讨非常必要,因为发掘俄语语言世界图景中隐藏的普遍的、恒定的语言世界图景有助于我们对俄语语言世界图景知识体系整体的、全面的了解和把握,有利于构建俄语的普遍语言世界图景。同时,通过具体语料的略论发现,语言世界图景并不是简单地探讨语言中存在着什么图景,而是语言中的图景是如何被人所感知和认识的。语言世界图景通过具体的语言现象,借助于对人的探讨,来诠释语言个性生成与理解中的思维方式,以及观察、感知和划分世界的视角和措施。
Since the middle of20th century, the study of linguistics has got rid of the restriction of constructionist linguistics which concentrates mainly on the construction of language, and shifted to the focus of $quot;$language in use$quot;$ and $quot;$language user$quot;$. There have been several fundamental changes in the study of linguistics-from langue to parole, from form to meaning, from construction to function, from surface description to deep cognition. Consequently, parole, meaning, function and cognition have become the mainstream and hot topic in the study of linguistics.Since1980s and1990s, propelled by the prevailing scientific researching trend of $quot;$Anthropocentrism$quot;$, the paradigm of linguistic study had changed fundamentally, entering into the study of subject, namely, to the $quot;$Anthropocentric paradigm$quot;$ that focuses on $quot;$speakers$quot;$ or $quot;$communicators$quot;$. The researching content of linguistics had also been profoundly changed under the influence of $quot;$Anthropocentric paradigm$quot;$, The study of linguistics had begun to emphasize on a series of $quot;$factors of people$quot;$, especially on the linguistic terminologies and concepts related to the cognition and psychology of people, such as metaphorical cognition, metaphorization, categorization, conceptualization, cognitive vision and Language World Vision, among which the Language World Vision had aroused the greatest attention of Russian linguistic scholars from home and abroad.The Language World Vision ((?)), which has been widely used in linguistic circle currently, is a terminology put forward by the Soviet Union linguists. It has been one of the most active key words in the field of linguistics, the hot topic in linguistics, especially in linguistic cultural studies ever since1980s. The Language World Vision is an epitome of a people’s cognition and spirit towards reality, that is, the reflection of national culture and thinking mode. Generally speaking, the Language World Vision derives from what Humboldt, a German linguist, proposed $quot;$each language contains a unique world view$quot;$ which had been referred to as the theory of $quot;$Language World View$quot;$ The Language World Vision is a theory focusing on the correlations among language, mind/cognition and objective reality, especially on the epitome of people’s cognition and psychology that belong to $quot;$factors of people$quot;$, which is in accordance with the content of philosophical studies. As a leading theory in modern linguistics, the Language World Vision is not a new philosophical proposition, for the reason that the correlation between language, mind and reality had long been the permanent theme of linguistic studies. What are different lies in the Language World Vision, with more abstractness and complexity emphasizes on language and people, especially on the relationship between people’s spiritual activities and practical activities. The Language World Vision has a great influence on people’s mind/cognition by Conceptual World Vision that is a relatively fixed thought pattern guiding the generation and understanding of utterances, as well as a knowledge system and cognitive construction participating in cognitive activities.The Russian Language World Vision is a grand knowledge system. To apprehend this system, some multidimensional approaches are needed to cover the shortage of any individual studies. It should include both individual studies-on the interpretation of connotation and concept, and general studies-on the exploration of the similarities of knowledge system. Individual studies could provide us a multidimensional perspective to understand and comprehend the connotation and knowledge system. Through individual studies, we can find common properties that could combines the dispersive individual studies, offering a useful tool for us to understand and comprehend the Russian Language World Vision completely and thoroughly, and more importantly, to construct the general Language World Vision of Russian.The theory of Language World Vision has been an inter-dis ，俄语专业论文，俄语论文 |
