| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 1861年农人改造是俄国汗青上的严重事宜，俄语专业论文，改造破除了农奴制，束缚了农人。但是农人的束缚只是表象，本质上农奴制残存在俄国普遍存在，对农人的盘剥仍然没有清除。全文共分媒介、四章注释和结语三部门。媒介部门重要论述本课题的研究概略及本文研究的重要成绩等。第一章引见1861年改造公布的各类法则及改造过程中的各类农人。改造法则重要包含《总法则》、四个处所法则及其他弥补法则。改造实施进程中还公布了针对性的文件，契约文书、调处吏律例和赎买协定即为代表。这些法则明白提出，农人成为司法意义上的自在人，俄语毕业论文，具有人身权力和产业权力。然则，法则的文本划定在履行进程中并未完整落实。第二章农人的赋役累赘剖析改造后农人承当的各类钱粮和租役。经由过程剖析可知，赋役累赘制约了农人人身自在和地盘一切权的完成。当局仍奉行严格的钱粮政策，农人想尽各类措施筹集税款，却终难解脱欠税的命运。农人承当的劳役租、代役租和混杂租在改造后均改变为代役租，加上担当着各类什物责任，农人的经济累赘加倍繁重。繁重的赋役累赘障碍了农人经济的成长。第三章研究改造后农人的地盘运用情形。改造传播鼓吹农人可以“带地盘束缚”，然则改造进程中农人的地盘一切权并没有顺遂完成，农人现实运用的地盘涌现数目削减、地力降低的两重减损，农人本身租地、买地、开垦新地和当局补地、赏地都杯水车薪，这类景况直到20世纪初亦未能获得基本改不雅。第四章研究农人副业的成长情形。农人试图经由过程畜牧业和手工业等副业来增长支出，然则改造后农人的畜牧业全体上出现式微趋向，手工业运动也无助于减缓繁重的经济累赘。农人副业只能对农业经济起到无益弥补的感化。结语部门对全篇停止总结，指出沙皇亚历山年夜二世破除农奴制改造是适应时局之举，改造中既得好处团体极力保护传统，农人的各类累赘比改造前更重，农人经济的成长步履维艰，到20世纪初堕入严重危机当中。 Abstract: 1861 is a serious matter of Russian farmers transformation in the history of the transformation, get rid of the shackles of serfdom, the farmers. But the shackles of farmers is only a representation, essentially serfdom remained in Russia is widespread, exploitation of the farmer's still isn't clear. The thesis consists of three parts: the media, the four chapter and the conclusion. The media department of this research summary and this paper studies the important achievements. The first chapter law and the transformation of various types of process transformation in 1861 announced the introduction of various types of farmers. The law of transformation is important to include the "general rule", the four premises law and other remedy rules. In the process of reform implementation also announced specific documents, contract documents, official mediation statutes and the agreement on the behalf of redemption. These laws made it clear that the farmers become the judicial sense of freedom, personal power and power industry. However, the text of the law is not fully implemented in the implementation process. The second chapter analyzes the tax burden of farmers after the transformation of farmers bear all kinds of tax and rent service. Through the process of analysis shows that the tax burden restricts the farmers to complete the personal freedom and the right of all. The authorities are still pursuing strict tax policy, farmers try all kinds of methods to raise taxes, but eventually difficult to escape the fate of taxes. Farmers assume labor rent, service rent and hybrid rent in after the transformation were changed for the service to rent, and plays various odds and ends, and the farmer's economic burden twice as heavy. And heavy burden obstacles to the economic growth of farmers. The third chapter studies the land use situation after the transformation of farmers. Spread to reform advocate farmer could "take site bound", however in the process of transformation of the farmer's site all right and no smooth completion, the farmer reality application domain emerging number of cuts, double lower fertility impairment, the farmers themselves lease, to buy land, reclamation Xindi and government compensation and reward are a drop in the bucket, the circumstances until the beginning of the 20th century also failed to get basic change the indecent. The fourth chapter studies the farmer sideline growth. Farmers try to through the process of animal husbandry and handicraft industry and other sideline to increase spending, however transformation after the farmer's livestock industry all appeared on the decline trend, industrial motion of the hand also helpless to slow down the heavy economic burden. Only to make up for the farmers sideline useless effect on the economy of agriculture. Conclusion the entire stop to summarize, points out that the Tsar Alexander II to get rid of the serf system reform is to adapt to the situation and move, the transformation of the vested interest group trying to protect traditional, farmer burden is more important than the transformation of the former, struggling farmers economic growth to at the beginning of the 20th century fall into a serious crisis. 目录: |
