| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 从基辅罗斯时代直到20世纪20年月，久长以来村社一向是俄罗斯最下层的乡村社会组织，有着极端壮大的性命力，在俄国汗青成长过程中起着相当主要的感化。村社不只是农人生涯和临盆的组织，并且是国度法则和政策的流传对象。村社本能机能涵盖了农人平常生涯的各个方面，触及政治、经济、社会、行政司法、兵役、宗教等外容。1861年改造对村社及村社本能机能做出了详细划定，村社成为国度的下层行政机构。改造后村社的经济本能机能显著弱化，国度为了使其成为独裁统治的顽强支柱，工资强化了村社的治理本能机能和社会本能机能。但不公平的改造惹起农人的广泛不满，终究招致1905年反动的产生。村社并没有酿成国度幻想中的统治基本，反倒成为农人否决沙皇和田主的无力兵器，国度是以转变了对村社的政策，停止了旨在损坏公社的斯托雷平改造。斯托雷平改造并没有摧毁村社，更没有解救腐败的沙皇当局。十月反动后，经由苏维埃政权改革后的村社在农业全盘个人化的海潮中为个人农庄所代替。1861年改造前后乡村公社的本能机能固然没有产生显著的变更，俄语专业论文，但弗成否定，在详细的经济本能机能、治理本能机能和社会本能机能上却在悄然产生着嬗变，俄语论文，恰是这类纤细的嬗变，为厥后俄国汗青的剧变积累了力气，同时，也是俄国社会汗青成长变更在农人社会中的反应。全文分为三部门第一部门对俄国村社、村社本能机能的研究状态做了概述；第二部门具体引见了1861年俄国农奴制改造前的村社本能机能，第三部门经由过程1861年俄国农奴制改造前后村社本能机能嬗变的剖析，提醒了村社对俄国社会汗青成长发生的深远作用。 Abstract: From the era of Kievan Rus until the 20th century, 20 years, the long village has always been Russia's lower social organization in the countryside, have extremely strong vitality, in Russian history, development process plays a quite important role. The village is not just farmers and career after the organization, and is the object of law and policy of the country spread. Village social instinct function covers all aspects of farmer of everyday life, touch the political, economic, social, administrative and judicial, military service, religion, external content. Reconstruction in 1861 made a detailed demarcation of the village and village functions, the village has become the lower country administrative institutions. After the transformation of the economic function of the village weaken significantly, the country in order to make it become the pillar and resilience of the dictatorship wages to strengthen the village management function and social function. But farmers caused unfair widespread dissatisfaction with the reform, which eventually resulted in the 1905 revolution. Village did not lead to basic rule in the Fantasy Kingdom and instead become farmers rejected czar with the landlord's inability to weapons, the country is to change the policy of the village, stop to damage the commune Stolypin's reform. Stolypin transformation did not destroy the village community, but did not rescue the corruption of the authorities of the. October Revolution, by the Soviet regime after the reform of village in the tide of the overall agricultural personalized for individual farms replaced. 1861 before and after the transformation of rural commune instinct function although did not produce significant changes, but cannot deny, on detailed economic instinct function, management function and social function but in quietly to produce change, exactly is the evolution of this kind of slender, for syncope after the upheavals in the Russian Blue sweat accumulated strength. At the same time, it is the Russian social history growth in peasant social change. Full text divides for three sections. The first section of Russian village, village social instinct function research status are summarized; the second part in detail introduced the 1861 Russian Serfdom reform of village social instinct function, the third sector through 1861 serfdom in Russia before and after the reconstruction of village social instinct machine can change the analysis reminded Village of Russian social history development have far-reaching implications. 目录: 中文摘要 3 外文摘要 4-6 前言 6 一、俄国村社及村社职能探讨综述 6-11 （一） 俄国、苏联学者对于村社及村社职能的探讨情况 7-9 （二） 马克思主义经典作家对于村社及村社职能的探讨情况 9 （三） 国内学者对于村社及村社职能的探讨情况 9-11 二、1861 年俄国农奴制改革前的村社职能 11-23 （一） 经济职能 13-14 （二） 税役职能 14-17 （三） 行政管理职能 17-18 （四） 社会职能 18-21 （五） 司法行政警察职能 21-22 （六） 宗教职能 22-23 三、1861 年俄国农奴制改革后村社职能的嬗变 23-33 （一） 1861 年俄国农奴制改革对于村社的规定 23-24 （二） 1861 年至1905 年俄国村社职能 24-29 （三） 1861 年俄国农奴制改革前后村社职能嬗变的略论 29-33 结语 33-34 注释 34-39 参考文献 39-43 致谢 43 |
