| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 土耳其海峡成绩是近代国际关系的热门成绩—“西方成绩”的主要构成部门，在18世纪末至20世纪初的英国对外政策中占领主要位置。出于保持“欧洲均势”的须要，也出于确保英国通向西方之路通顺的斟酌，英国从18世纪末至19世纪30、40年月，逐步构成了对土耳其海峡的传统政策。它有两个明显特点：第一，保持奥斯曼土耳其帝国对黑海两海峡的主权，当土耳其处于战争时代，海峡对本国战舰封闭；第二，保持土耳其的自力和国土完全，以此包管和增强士耳其对海峡的主权。这一政策是英国扼制欧洲其他年夜国、重要是扼制俄国在中近东地域扩大的产品。19世纪后半叶，因为欧洲本钱主义国度政治经济成长的不屈衡，德国同一后敏捷突起成为欧洲强国，俄语论文题目，欧洲联盟系统产生了明显变更，年夜英帝国的霸权位置活着界规模内遭到挑衅。在新情势下，英国完整保持传统政策已弗成能，也不再相符帝国的全体好处。1875年近东危机今后至1915年英法俄签署海峡协议，英国从保持土耳其国土完全到介入对土耳其的瓜分，俄语论文范文，从保持海峡封闭政策到赞成按俄国志愿支配海峡和君士坦丁堡的命运，传统的海峡政策产生了成心义的变更。但是，英国保护其帝国好处的本质却没有转变。英国的海峡政策不是孤立的，它的构成和演化，反应了列强在中近东地域的争取与勾搭，表现了年夜国交际的两个重要特点：“均势准绳”和“赔偿准绳”。恰是欧洲年夜国保持中近东“均势”的须要，才使即将兴起的土耳其又苟延残喘地生计了100余年；也恰是在不克不及完整保持土耳其自力和国土完全的情形下，列强又纷纭追逐赔偿。英国的海峡交际不只附属于英国对外政策的总计谋，并且与列强在中近东地域的比赛及纷纷的国际成绩交错在一路。本文重点论述土耳其海峡在英国中近东计谋中的位置和感化；剖析英国对土耳其海峡政策的演化及演化缘由；提醒英国海峡政策与其“欧洲均势”政策、帝国进攻政策及交际总计谋之间的内涵关系。 Abstract: The Turkish Straits achievement is popular achievement of modern international relations - "western" the main components of the Department, at the end of the 18th century to the early 20th century British foreign policy occupy an important position. For keep the European balance of power needs, but also for ensure Britain towards the West Road fluent consideration, England from the end of the 18th century to 19th century 30, 40 years, gradually formed the traditional policy of the Turkish Straits. It has two obvious characteristics: first, the Ottoman Empire to maintain sovereignty on the Black Sea Straits, when Turkey in times of war, of its warships channel closure; second, keep Turkey's independence and territorial integrity, in order to ensure and enhance Turkey of the Straits of main power. This policy is to curb other European country, Britain is important to curb Russia in the Near East region to expand the product. Second half of the 19th century, because the growth of European capitalist national political and economic imbalance, Germany with an agile processes become the powers of Europe, the European Union system have obvious change, the eve of the British Empire hegemony position alive in provoked. Under the new situation, to maintain the traditional British integrity policy has been put into, nor all the benefits of the Empire. In 1875 Near East crisis in the future to 1915, Britain, France and Russia signed the agreement of the Strait, England from keeping Turkish land completely involved in the carve up of Turkey, from keeping the channel closed policy to favor by the Russian volunteer dominate the fate of the Straits and Constantinople, traditional channel policy produced meaningful change. But the nature of Britain's protection of its empire has not changed. British channel policy is not isolated, its formation and evolution, the reaction of the powers in the near and Middle East region for and hooked up, the performance of the two important features of big country communication: "balance principle" and "compensation principle". Is precisely the Europe country to maintain in the Near East "balance of power" needs to make about the rise of Turkey and linger livelihood for more than 100 years; is precisely cannot completely keep Turkish independence and territorial integrity of the situation, the powers and diverse chase compensation. British channel communication not only attached belongs to the general counsel of the British foreign policy, and and the powers in the Near East regional competitions and have international achievement staggered in a way. This paper discusses the Turkish Straits in Britain in the Near East strategic position and role; analysis of English of the Turkish Straits policy evolution and evolution reason; remind the connotation between English Channel Policy and the European balance of power "policy, the imperial attack policy and communication general counsel. 目录: |
