| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 作为职业武士的哥萨克是俄国汗青上一个特别的社会阶级，这个军事阶级是斯拉夫世界最惹人注视的一个方面，历来就惹起中外学者的存眷。国际对俄国哥萨克的研究多见于一些文艺著作中，重要是描写哥萨克的业绩或剖析哥萨克人物的性情。历久以来，国际对“哥萨克”这个称号比拟熟习，但对于俄国这一奇特的汗青景象却懂得甚少。基于此，作者拟以对俄国哥萨克的来源、成长、式微及其在俄国汗青上所起的感化停止初步商量，这是本文选题的动身点。本文的根本不雅点是哥萨克最早是作为“自在人”涌现在15世纪的南俄草原，以佃猎、打鱼和拦阻过往客商为生，后来逐步按地区构成多个自在、自治和军事化的村社。直到17世纪上半叶，哥萨克社会一向都坚持着他们的半自力和自治状况。到17世纪下半期，俄国认可了哥萨克的自治权，俄语论文范文，哥萨克逐步从流亡农人的军事化村社改变成依附于俄罗斯国度的“雇佣部队”。跟着18世纪俄罗斯国度中心集权的成长和农奴制的扩大，俄语专业论文，哥萨刻期益被归入沙皇当局的统治之下，逐步改变成俄罗斯国度的一个有着明白特权和责任的军事阶级，被历代沙皇所运用，成为抵抗内奸和国土扩大的主要对象。不外，当他们的特权遭到侵占时，他们也会奋起对抗，成为农人起义的提议者和焦点力气。每次起义掉败后，哥萨克的自治位置也年夜为减弱。19世纪一系列兵役改造法的实行使得哥萨克的退役费用急剧增长，哥萨克的家庭经济逐步陵夷，到19世纪后半期时，哥萨克阶级走向式微。1920年，苏维埃当局宣布撤消哥萨克特权的法则，哥萨克作为一个特别的武士阶级不复存在。俄罗斯中心集权增强的进程就是俄国哥萨克自在式微的进程，这是哥萨克汗青成长的主线。在哥萨克500年的汗青上，其对俄国的边境扩大、政治成长发生了主要作用。本文从“哥萨克”一词的词源动手，梳理了俄国哥萨克从发生、成长直至式微的全进程，并对其在俄国汗青上所起的汗青感化停止了剖析。详细包含四个部门第一部门，俄国哥萨克的发生。经由过程剖析分歧学者对“哥萨克”一词的词源、哥萨克涌现时光的分歧熟悉来界定哥萨克一词的根本寄义，剖析哥萨克发生的特别的天然地舆情况和奇特的汗青配景。第二部门，俄国哥萨克的社会构造、经济运动和生涯风俗。第三部门，哥萨克与沙俄政权之间关系的演化。经由过程剖析哥萨克与沙俄政权之间在分歧时代关系的变更，说明哥萨克若何从流亡农人的组织改变成俄罗斯国 Abstract: As a professional warriors Cossack is Russian history on a particular social class, the military class is a Slavic world most arouses attention, has always been the cause of Chinese and foreign scholars concern. International Seminar on Russian Cossacks are more common in some literature works, it is important to describing the Cossack performance or analysis of the Cossack figure temperament. Long-term since, the international on the title of "Cossack" compared to familiar with, but about Russia this peculiar history scene but know very little. Based on this, the author intends to sources of Russian Cossacks, growth, decline and in Russian history effect carries on the preliminary discussion, which is the starting point of this thesis. The fundamental point is the Cossacks first as "comfortable" emerged in the 15th century of the southern Russian steppe to hunting, fishing and arresting the past favorable for a living, then gradually by region constitute a free and autonomous and military village. Until the first half of seventeenth Century, the society always insisted their semi independence and autonomy status. In the second half of the 17th century, Russia recognized the autonomy of the Cossacks, Cossacks gradually from the military village farmers in exile changed into attached to the Russian State "mercenaries." Along with the expansion of 18th century Russian National Center for centralized growth and serfdom, Cossack carved by the rights belong to the Tsarist authorities rule under, gradually change into Russian state of a understand privileges and responsibilities of the military class, tsars used, as the main object against rape and land expansion of. Nevertheless, when their privileges by occupation, they will rise up against, as the peasant uprising of the proposer and focus efforts. Every time after the failure of the uprising, the autonomous Cossack also greatly weakened the position. In the 19th century a series of military transformation method of implementation of decommissioning costs makes the Cossacks and the rapid growth, Cossack family economy gradually decline, to the latter half of the 19th century, the Cossack class to decline. In 1920, the Soviet authorities announced to cancel the privileges of Cossack rule, the Cossacks as a special class of samurai ceased to exist. Russian Center centralization of state power has been enhanced process is a process which lead to the decline of the Russian Cossacks freedom, which are the main thread of Cossack history, development. In the 500 years of history, the border of Russia, expanding political growth has had an important impact. In this paper, the etymology of the word "Cossack" to start, combing the Russian Cossacks from the occurrence, growth until the decline of the whole process and in the history of Russian history effect to carry on the analysis. Detailed contains four parts. The first part, occurrence of Russian cossacks. Through the analysis of the process of different scholars the etymology of the word "Cossack", Cossacks emergence time of different understanding to define the Cossacks of the word meaning, analysis of Cossack special natural geographical conditions and unique historical background. The second sector, social economic structure, the Russian Cossack movement and life custom. The third sector, the evolutionary relationship between the Cossacks and the tsars. Through the analysis of the process of the Cossacks and the tsars in different age changes of the relationship, indicating that the Cossack how from farmers in exile organization change into Russia's 目录: |
