| 雅克·内克尔，一名备受争议的旧轨制末年财务改造年夜臣，他在1777年至1781年间，被录用为路易十六的财务总监，肩负为君主筹集财帛增援美国战斗的重担。但是，旧轨制末年的法国一向“重症缠身”，严重的财务危机一向是法国数位君主的心头梦魇，内克尔在执掌法国财务时代，除为战斗筹款，他在铲除财务上的沉疴弊端上也支付了年夜量精神。但是，内克尔其实不是勇举财务改造年夜旗的第一人，好像他的后任一样，他的改造尽力终究付诸东流。本文旨在经由过程剖析雅克·内克尔财务改造的配景、理念和改造详细的内容，联合旧轨制末年法国社会政治配景，来商量在旧轨制末年财务改造的艰苦，掉败的财务改造减轻了本已一发千钧的财务累赘，直接招致了1789年风暴的光降，给累卵之危的旧轨制最繁重的一击！另外，不管是在旧轨制末年照样在近古代史学界，法语论文网站，内克尔因为财务改造的掉败，他小我一向倍受非议与否认，在这篇文章中，笔者也意图经由过程对内克尔小我在朝史的阐述，来为内克尔“正名”。本篇文章共分为三个年夜的章节，第一章节为配景引见，侧重描写了旧轨制末年法国社会和当局涌现的衰竭；第二章节即本文的重点章节，重要描写内克尔财务改造的配景、理念、内容和改造的掉败与思虑；第三章节为本文的结论章节，法语论文，为本文的两个写作目标作总结，即为雅克·内克尔正名和摸索体系体例抵触与改造的主要关系。 Abstract: Jacques Nekl, a controversial financial system at the end of the old reform ministers, he in 1777 to 1781, Louis was appointed chief financial officer of sixteen, to raise money to fight shoulder the burden of the America reinforcements. However, the old system of the late French has always been "severe ridden", the serious financial crisis has always been a nightmare of French digital monarch heart, at the helm of the French financial Necker era, in addition to combat fundraising, he in the eradication of financial ills disadvantages also paid large amount of spirit. However, the first one is not for financial reform Necker Yong big flag, as his successor, his transformation to eventually cast to waste. This paper aims to analyze the background, Jacques transformation and the concept of transformation of Necker financial details, combined with the old rail system at the end of the French social and political background, to discuss the transformation of the financial system at the end of the old hard, off finance transformation reduces the financial burden of abortion has been critical, led directly to the 1789 storm come to the old system, the most pressing danger heavy blow! In addition, whether in the old system in ancient history so late, because the financial reform Necker lost his ego always much criticism and denial, in this article, the author also explains the intention through the ego in the history of Necker, as Necker name". This article is divided into three big chapters, the first chapter is the background introduction, focuses on the failure of the old rail system at the end of the emergence of French society and the authorities; the second chapter is the focus of this chapter, the background, important financial reform ideas, describing the Necker content and the transformation of the failure and consideration; the third chapter the conclusions of this paper are summarized in two chapters. The writing goal of this paper is mainly the relationship between Jacques Nekl and explore the name system conflict and transformation. 目录: 摘要 4-5 Abstract 5 绪论 7-12 一、 选题缘起 7-8 二、 国内外探讨近况 8-11 三、 论文探讨 11-12 第一章 旧制度的衰竭 12-22 第一节 旧制度末年法国政府的财政危机 12-14 第二节 旧制度末年法国社会等级的演变 14-20 第三节 18 世纪法国君主频繁改革带来的混乱 20-22 第二章 雅克·内克尔的财政改革（1777 年-1781 年） 22-49 第一节 异邦银行家 22-25 第二节 财政改革（1776 年—1781 年） 25-39 一、 美国独立战争(1775 年—1783 年）与战争贷款 25-30 二、 内克尔的改革理念与改革内容 30-38 三、 内克尔财政改革的特点 38-39 第三节 内克尔改革的失败与思考 39-49 一、 改革失败与政治诋毁 40-44 二、 特权阶级与改革 44-46 三、 18 世纪末法国君主制危机与改革 46-49 第三章 结论 49-54 第一节 为雅克·内克尔“正名” 49-51 第二节 体制与改革 51-54 参考文献 54-56 致谢 56 |
