Boris Kagarlitsky and Renfrey Clarke，？Russia‘s Trade Union Movement ：Bureaucrats and Militants in the Epoch of Capitalist Restorationì，Links，no.1，April-June 1994，pp.19-28.According to SID labour organizer Sten Pedersen，whohas carried out training courses for many Eastern European unions since the collapseof communism in their countries ，the former official unions in all these post-Communistcountries have outlasted the new alternative unions.Even in Poland the former officialunion continues to have a much larger membership than Solidarity. Elizabeth Perry ，？Labour‘s Battle for Political Space ：The Role of WorkerAssociations in Contemporary Chinaì，in Deborah Davis ，Richard Kraus，BarryNaughton and Elizabeth Perry（eds ），Urban Space in Contemporary China：The Potentialfor Autonomy and Community in Post-Mao China（Cambridge ：University of CambridgePress ，1995），pp.302-25.Also see Anita Chan ，？Revolution or Corporatism ？Workers and Trade Unions in Post-Mao Chinaì，Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs，no.29（January 1993），pp.31-5. Gabriel Kolko ，？Vietnam Since 1975：Winning a War and Losing the Peaceì，Journal of Contemporary Asia ，vol.25，no.1（1995），pp.4，6. Andrew Walder ，Communist Neo-Traditionalism ：Work and Authority in ChineseIndustry（Berkeley：University of California Press ，1986），ch.6. See Trinh Quang Quy ，The Labour Movement in Vietnam （publisher unknown，1970），pp.41，117-18.We are grateful to Melinda Tria Kerkvliet for drawing ourattention to this book. See ，for example，David Wurfel ，？Doi Moi in Comparative Perspectiveì，in William S.Turley and Mark Selden （eds ），Reinventing Vietnamese Socialism：Doi Moi in Comparative Perspective （Boulder ：Westview Press ，1993），p.47. [10]Andrew G.Walder and Gong Xiaoxia，？Workers in the Tiananmen Protests：The Politics of the Beijing Workers‘Autonomous Federation ì，Australian Journalof Chinese Affairs，no.29（June 1993），pp.1-29. [11]Japan Economic Newswire，27October 1994；Zhongguo tongji [China‘s statistics]，no.1，法语论文，1996，p.27；and Reuters，Beijing，23June 1997. [12]Japan Economic Newswire，27October 1994. [13]Zhongguo laodong bao [China labour news]，13June 1996. [14]Gongren ribao [Workers‘daily]，30November 1995. [15]Nanfang gongbao [Southern workers‘news]，29April 1997. [16]Gongren ribao，7March 1996. [17]Tran Hoang Kim ，Economy of Vietnam ：Review and Statistics（Hanoi ：Statistical Publishing House，1994），p.146.The number for 1992is a littlehigher（695，000）。See Statistical Yearbook of Labour ，Invalids and SocialAffairs 1993（Hanoi ：National Political Publishing House，1994），p.45.Alsosee Dang Duc Dam，Vietnam‘s Economy 1886-95（Hanoi ：Gioi Publishers，1995）。In Vietnamese statistics the industrial labour force is not divided into urban andrural.However，unlike China ，very few of the state enterprises are located outsidethe cities. [18]Only 11-12per cent of Vietnam‘s workforce was employed in the industrialsector，of which 30per cent worked in the central state sector as of 1985.SeeMelanie Beresford ，？The North Vietnamese State-Owned Industrial Sector：Continuityand Changeì，The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics ，vol.11，no.1（March 1995）p.56.By 1993this had dropped to a little over 10per cent ofthe manufacturing labour force.See Statistical Yearbook of Labour，1993，p.45.Also see Irene Ntrlund，？The Labour Market in Vietnam：Between State Incorporationand Autonomyì，in J.D.Schmidt ，Niels Fold and Jacques Hersh （eds ），SocialChange in Southeast Asia（Harlow：Addison Wesley Longman ，1998），pp.155-82. 1 |
