[43]Zhongyang ribao [Central daily news，Taiwan]，31March 1995.This casewas widely publicized in the Taiwan press as a negative example of how uncontrollablywild PRC workers could become.What is unusual about this incident is that the rebellionwas led by the trade union chair of the enterprise.An English translation of thisreport appears in Chinese Sociology and Anthropology，vol.30，no.4（Summer 1998），pp.83-6. [44]Vietnam：Economic Commentary and Analysis ：A Bi-annual Appraisal ofthe Vietnamese Economy，no.6（April 1995），p.31.This is confirmed by Norlund‘smeetings with Vietnamese trade unionists from both grassroots and leadership levelsin 1994and 1996.Similarly ，an Australian trade unionist who visited Vietnamwas informed that the police have not been used during labour disputes. [45]On this，see Jeanne Wilson，？The Polish Lesson ：China and Poland 1980-1990ì，Studies in Comparative Communism ，no.3/4（Autumn/Winter 1990），pp.259-80. [46]This decision was issued in the 1985CCP Central Committee Document no.50. [47]This reform was formalized in 1993in the trade union constitution.Zhongguogonghui di shierci chuanguo daibiao dahui wenjian huibian [Collection of documentsof the Chinese Trade Union‘s 12th congress]（Beijing ：Gongren Chubanshe [Workers‘Press]，1993），p.44. [48]This document，entitled ？Fundamental Ideas on Union Reform ì，was passedby the ACFTU 6th plenary session of the 10th standing committee on 9October 1988.（Zhongguo gonghui zhongyao wenjian xuanbian [Selections from important Chinesetrade union documents]（Beijing ：Jixie Gongye Chubanshe [Machine Industry Publishers]，1990），pp.100-1）。 [49]This information comes from a former trade-union participant of the debate. [50]Zhongguo Gongyun Xueyuan [China Labour Movement College]（ed.），Xinshiqi gonghui gongzuo zhongyao wenjian xuanbian [Selections of important union documentsin the new era]，restricted to internal circulation ，1993，pp.271-8. [51]？The Sixth Congress of the Vietnamese Trade Unions ì，Vietnam Courier，no.1，1989，pp.5-7.Nguyen Van Linh‘s speech is carried in US Foreign BroadcastInformation Service ，Daily Report ：East Asia，[hereafter FBIS-EAS]，no.203，法语论文范文，1988，pp.61-5.At the Congress ，the VFTU officially changed its name to the VietnamGeneral Confederation of Labour （VGCL），implying a policy of broadening and decentralizingtrade union power.Due to the emergence of a？multi-sector economyì，the unionalso decided that it would create separate union branches for the state ，collectiveand private sectors. [52]For an excellent account of the passage of Chinese bills ，see MurrayScot Tanner ，？How a Bill Becomes a Law in China ：Stages and Processes in Lawmakingì，The China Quarterly，no.141（March 1995），pp.39-64.Also see Kevin O‘Brien，？Chinese People‘s Congresses and Legislative Embeddednessì，Comparative PoliticalStudies ，vol.27，no.1（1994），pp.80-107. [53]Renmin ribao [People‘s daily]，9April 1992. [54]？Constitution of the Trade Unions of the People‘s Republic of Chinaì，in The Twelfth National Congress of Chinese Trade Unions（Beijing ，1993），pp.58-78. [55]Order of the President of the People‘s Republic of China ，no.28，July1994（in English）。 [56]Article 1in the Law on the Trade Unions ，adopted at the General Assemblyof the Socialist Republic of Vietnam，30June 1990，in Hien Phap nuoc Cong hoaXa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam 1992[The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam1992]（in English and Vietnamese ）。The implication is that the Party will protectthe workers ，and therefore the role of the unions is to educate workers.See alsoGareth Porter ，Vietnam：The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism （Ithaca：CornellUniversity Press，1993），p.92. [57]Renmin ribao ，9April 1992，p.3. [58]For example，most of the 18deputies did not endorse the idea that theunions should be responsible for social security management.See FBIS-EAS ，no.110，2January 1990，法语论文范文，p.68. [59]However，because trade union funds in some Vietnamese state factorieshave been insufficient to pay the salaries of the workplace union cadres，partof the trade union chairs‘salary still derives from the enterprise （field data）。A Shanghai General Trade Union delegation‘s report on its visit to Vietnam alsonoted that many of the state enterprises‘workplace unions continue to be financedby the enterprise.（Shanghai gongyun [Shanghai labour movement]，no.10，1995，pp.41-2. [60]Notably，in many Taiwanese，Hong Kong and Korean-funded enterprises，managers today either adamantly refuse to pay ，or pay only on the condition thatthey control the appointment of the union chair.This information is based on interviewsin 1996in Shanghai and Shenzhen. [61]Vietnam General Federation of Labour ，Constitution of the VietnameseTrade Unions（Hanoi ，November 1993）。For China，see？Constitution of the TradeUnions of the People‘s Republic of Chinaì，pp.58-78. [62]Constitution of the Vietnamese Trade Unions，Introduction ，p.4. |
