| 十八世纪的法国社会,财务成绩没法避及。路易十四不只为法国发明了相对主义王权的神话,也留下了困扰法国己久的财务困难。1715年、1720年、1763年、1788年,法国多次堕入财务窘境当中。本文以七年战斗时代法国的财务危机为切入点,深刻剖析七年战斗时代君主和高级法院在财务成绩上的反抗,并联合"言论对于财务成绩的评论辩论,说明以特权为基本的法国社会中自在的特别性和相对主义的局限性。旨在解释财务危机实则是相对君主制的危机,进而对18世纪中叶的法国社会有一个清楚的熟悉。14至17世纪,法国的财务轨制常常变更。路易十四时代,跟着相对主义王权系统的完美,法国财务轨制根本固定上去。相对君主设立新的财务机构以增强财务治理,然则并没有破除旧的财务体系体例。财务履行权的强化并没有减弱原本的财务司法权。地域差别、传统习气、特权身分依然持续保存上去,新旧财务治理机构叠床架屋,相对主义配景下同一高效的财务治理体系体例难以树立。相对君主制的树立进程经常随同战斗,战斗是作用财务最直接的身分。战斗形成了国度财务收入的猛增,使本来匮乏的财务支出左支右绌,财务改造势在必行。七年战斗号称法国所阅历的最为昂贵的战斗。财务支出缺乏以付出战斗收入,债权拖欠使当局信誉赓续降低。以往重要依附存款化解财务危机的措施难以持续见效。财务年夜臣更迭频仍,财务政策赓续出台。为了抢救财务,国王不能不诉诸“公正”税收的措施增长财务支出。号称最为公正的税收——“二非常之一税”,在七年战斗时代征收了三次。公正的财税政策威逼到法国社会特权阶层的好处。基本法的思惟、陈旧的自在不雅念、传统的习气等都组成了法国陈旧的宪政传统,这构成了对特权的保证,对相对主义王权的制衡。以高级法院为代表的特权者强力否决国王的税收政策。环绕“二非常之一税”的纳税法则,高级法院与国王在财务成绩上剧烈反抗,君主的相对威望遭到挑衅。1763年战争到来,“四月法则”的公布使君主和高级法院的抵触进一步激化。高级法院将财税争端带入公共范畴,重农学派、自在派贵族、相对君主制的保护者在财税成绩上睁开剧烈评论辩论。法国社会"言论范畴产生了一次激烈的震动,君主掉去了对"言论的掌握。财务、特权、自在等各类身分交错在一路,相对君主制在处置财务成绩上表示出难以超越的局限。"言论成为新威望,对法国往后政治的成长发生了深远作用。相对君主制下的法国,传统的自在与特权都具有必定的正当性基本。与特权相干的直接税对法国财务支出的作用微不足道。饱受诟病的直接税倒是相对君主制下最公正的税收情势,成为法国财务的重要支柱。18世纪的法国一直缺乏一个整合各方面好处的平台,号称保护“公共自在”的高级法院难以冲破其本身好处的狭窄局限。1763年,"言论仍在为处理王室财务危机出谋献策,但己然表示出壮大的力气。相对君主则几回再三错掉改造财务的机遇,1788年法国再陷财务危机时,三级会议自愿召开,相对君主制走到了止境。 Abstract: The French society in eighteenth Century, the financial achievement cannot avoid and. Louis Xiv is not only the French invented the relativism kingship myth, also left the troubled French long financial difficulties. 1715, 1720, 1763, 1788, France has repeatedly in the financial dilemma. The financial crisis in the seven years war era French as the breakthrough point, a profound analysis of the seven years fighting the monarchy and the high court rebellion in the financial performance, and joint "speech on financial performance review debate and privileges to the limitation of the French Society of free special and relativism. To explain the financial crisis is actually a relative of the monarchy crisis and hence have a clear knowledge of the middle of the 18th century French society. 14 to seventeenth Century, the French financial system often changes. The Louis Xiv era, with the perfect system of French kingship relativism, the financial system is fixed. The establishment of new financial institutions relative monarch to strengthen financial management, but did not get rid of the old style financial system. Strengthen the financial performance right does not weaken the original financial jurisdiction. Regional difference, traditional habits, privileged identity continues to save up, needless duplication of old and new financial governance mechanism, relativism background the same efficient financial management systems is difficult to establish. The process of establishing the relative monarchy often accompany fighting, fighting is the most direct impact on the financial status. The battle formation of the surge of national revenue, which was the lack of financial expenditure in straitened circumstances, financial reform is imperative. Seven years of fighting known as the most expensive battle for the French experience. The lack of financial expenditure to pay debt owed to fight income, continuously reduce the credibility of the authorities. The previous methods rely on deposits to resolve the financial crisis to continue to be effective. The finance ministers change frequently, financial policy continuously issued. In order to rescue the financial method, the king can not resort to "justice" and the growth of the tax expenditure. Known as the "two very fair tax of tax" levied three times in seven years of fighting age. Fiscal policy to France just coercion social privileges benefits. The basic ideas, old comfortable indecent read, traditional habits, the Old French Constitutional Tradition, which constitute the guarantee of privilege, the checks and balances of relativism kingship. In the high court as the representative of the prerogative of the king's strong veto tax policy. Around the "two of tax" tax law, the high court and the king in the financial performance of violent revolt, the relative prestige monarch provoked. The war of 1763 arrival, April "law" and the Supreme Court announced the conflict intensified the monarchy. The high court will tax dispute into the public domain, physiocracy, comfortable faction lords, relative protector of the monarchy in the fiscal performance open severe comment debate. The French society "speech category had a fierce shock, monarch lost of speech master. All kinds of financial, privilege, comfortable identity staggered in a way, relative to the monarchy in the disposal of financial results expressed difficult to go beyond the limitations. "The speech has become the new prestige, has exerted a far-reaching influence on the political development of the French back. The monarchy of France, and the traditional privilege may have a certain basic legitimacy. With the privilege of direct coherent influence on French financial expenditure not worth mentioning. It is the direct criticism of the tax situation is the most fair relative monarchy, has become an important pillar of the French financial. In eighteenth Century, France has been the lack of a good platform for the integration of all aspects of the high court, known as the "free public protection" is difficult to break the narrow limitations of its own benefit. In 1763, the speech is still processing the Royal financial crisis has already shown give counsel, but powerful force. Relative monarch is several times repeated wrong out finance transformation opportunities, 1788 France reoccurrence of the financial crisis, three voluntary session held relative monarchy went to the limits. 目录: |
