| 从1794年热月政变到1799年雾月政变的五年是热月党(Thermidorien)执掌法国政权的时代。热月党不是古代意义上的政党，没有同一的纲要和组织，只是一个比拟松懈的政治同盟。雅各宾派专政前期，它逐步构成，分歧行为与牟取政权。恰是这个同盟的成员停止了雅各宾专政，随后，他们开端恢复社会次序，并停止了树立稳固的政治局势的各种测验考试。热月党在法国反动过程中起了主要的感化。他们依据法国国际外情势多方面变更的情形，公布1795年宪法(又称共和三年宪法)，法语论文，在法国政权扶植中采用了一系列相干办法。这些办法对法国今后的政治经济发生了主要作用。本文试图联合年夜反动时代全部法国的社会配景，剖析引见热月党的组成及其性质，对1795年宪法的思惟渊源和汗青前提停止论述，对其政权掉败的缘由停止剖析，力争对热月党五年在朝停止较为公平周全的评价。本文分为五章。第一章商量热月政变，剖析热月党组成，并将其与反动早期的年夜资产阶层代表君主立宪派停止比拟，论证热月政变不是反反动，而是汗青的提高，它标记着年夜反动进入转机时代。热月党由左中右三个部门组成，左翼占主导。热月党与同为年夜资产阶层代表的君主立宪派有着很多分歧的方面，热月党总结了年夜反动头五年的经历，解释年夜资产阶层开端走向成熟。第二章重点论述热月党公布的1795年宪法的思惟渊源和汗青配景。跟着法国反动情势的成长，1791年宪法和1793年宪法都不再合适用于1795年的法国，新宪法的制订势在必定。1795年宪法摈弃“国民主权”实际，完成国民主权实际，在划定国民权力的同时也对国民的责任停止了划定。它从新接收“三权分立”思惟划定国度权利。为了避免议会专制，开创两院制。宪律例定行政权交给一个五人行政督当局，司法权依然自力。第三章重要考核热月党若何扶植和稳定政权。具体剖析热月党依照1795年宪法在立法、行政和司法方面的扶植，和为了树立全国有用的统治，在处所政权扶植上实施处所自治轨制。热月党在朝早期就面对阁下两个方面的防御，他们采用办法果断保卫本身树立的政权。第四章剖析热月党政权掉败的缘由。法国面对严格的军事情势，欧洲反法同盟防御法国，一些姊妹共和国也逐渐废弃对法国反动的支撑。法国国际经济情势自反动迸发之时就没恶化，并连续好转，国际政治抵触也随之激化。终究，法语论文，雾月政变停止热月党统治。热月党政权掉败和随之向帝制的演化并不是有时，这是一种社会趋向的延续和成长。 Abstract: From 1794 to 1799 the Thermidorian reaction Brumaire coup five years thermidorien (Thermidorien) in the era of the French regime. Thermidorien is not the ancient meaning of the party, not the same outline and organization, is a relatively lax political alliance. Jacobins dictatorship early, it gradually formed, differences in behavior and seek power. Is precisely this alliance members stopped the Jacobin dictatorship, then, they began to restore social order, and establish a stable political situation in the tests. Thermidorien played a major role in the process of the French revolution. They are based on the situation in many aspects of the French international situation changes, announced the "1795 constitution" (also known as the Republic of the three constitution), the French government in the construction of a series of coherent measures adopted. These measures have had a major impact on the political economy of France in the future. This paper attempts to joint revolution all French social background, analysis of the composition and nature of introduction thermidorien, of the constitution of 1795 the ideological origins and historical conditions on to the regime falls defeated the reason to carry on the analysis, and strive to stop thermidorien five years moving fairly comprehensive evaluation. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter discuss the Thermidorian reaction, analysis thermidorien composition, and will be the early reactionary and on behalf of the big bourgeoisie constitutional monarchy faction compare, demonstrate the Thermidorian reaction not reactionary, but improve the history, which marked the eve of the reactionary to enter the transit times. Thermidorien consists of three departments from left to right, left dominant. Thermidorien with huge asset class represents the constitutional monarchy faction has a lot of differences, thermidorien summarizes the reactionary to the eve of the first five years of experience, explain the big bourgeoisie began to mature. The second chapter focuses on the thermidorien published 1795 "constitution" of the ideological origins and historical background. With the growth of the reactionary regime in France, the constitution of 1791 and the constitution of 1793 are no longer suitable for France in 1795. "1795 constitution" abandoned "national sovereignty" reality, the actual completion of the national sovereignty, in the delineation of the national power, but also on the national responsibility to stop the delimitation. It is from the new reception "three powers separation" thinking to delineate the national rights. In order to avoid a bicameral parliamentary monarchy. Constitution and laws and administrative powers to a five person administrative authority, the judicial power is still independent. The third chapter thermidorien how important assessment support and stable regime. Specific analysis on the hottest party in accordance with the constitution of 1795 in the legislative, administrative and judicial support, and to establish a useful rule in the country, in the local regime construction implementation place autonomous rail system. Thermidorien in early in two aspects of your defense, they used to establish the regime itself decisively to defend. The fourth chapter analyzes thermidorien power failure reason. France faced a strict military situation, the European anti French Alliance against France, some of the sister Republic has gradually abandoned the support of the French revolution. French international economic situation since the reaction of the outbreak did not deteriorate, and continuous improvement, the international political conflict will intensify. After all, stop coup d'etat thermidorien rule. Thermidorien power failure and consequent to the monarchy evolution is not sometimes, this is a continuation and development of social trends. 目录: |
