| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，俄语专业论文，下载原文正常，俄语毕业论文，内容请直接查看目录。） 有清一代,中俄恰克图商业作为北路商业的一个主要构成部门,在中俄商业史上具有非常症结的位置。雍正六年中俄两国签署的《恰克图合同》,开拓恰克图和祖鲁海图作为中俄边疆商业所在,为两国商业成长发明了前提。乾隆年间北京商业的停滞和祖鲁海图边关通商商业的式微,恰克图成为中俄商业重要市场。在恰克图商业中,商人组织在分歧汗青阶段均承载侧重要的经济本能机能,对保护市场的正常次序施展着症结感化。恰克图商业早期,清当局具有较强的干涉市场的才能,可以或许运用强迫性权利为生意业务两边供给绝对有用的产权掩护,这时候恰克图商人组织只是作为从属力气,即对当局律法的一种弥补,其在优越的轨制情况中为保证恰克图商业的顺遂展开施展了积极增进感化。但雅片战斗产生后,社会经济情况产生变更,当局既不克不及供给有用的产权掩护,强迫性干涉市场的才能又不强。但是若由单个商人自我实行产权掩护,其本钱费用太高,因而,具有信息交流比拟优势的商人行业组织作为一种私家次序,便试图充任起经济次序的保护者,处理旧有的信誉基本被打破而发生的无序竞争和好处抵触等成绩。然则,因为各类身分的制约与作用,汗青现实注解,恰克图商人组织并未承当起这一重担,这在必定水平上招致恰克图市场逐步走向式微。 Abstract: In the Qing Dynasty, China and Russia Qiaketu trade as a commercial road is an important part, in the history of Sino Russian business with the position of the crux of the matter is very. Yongzheng six years between China and Russia signed the "Kyakhta agreement, pioneering Kyakhta and Zulu chart as the Sino Russian border trade lies, for the growth of bilateral trade to the invention of the premise. Qianlong Beijing business stagnation and decline of the Zulu chart border trade business, Kiakhta become an important market for Sino Russian trade. In Qiaketu trade, businessmen organizations in different historical periods were carrying an important economic function, the normal order of market protection display crux action. Qiaketu trade early, the Qing government has a strong intervention in the market to, may use forced sexual rights for business on both sides of the supply is absolutely useful property protection, this time Kyakhta merchant organization just as a dependent strength, namely on the authority of the law a make up, the in superior rail system for ensure Qiaketu trade smoothly exert positive stimulative effect. But after the Opium War, social and economic situation changes, the authorities not only means not provide useful property protection, compulsive interference ability the market is not strong. But if the individual businessman self imposed property protection, the cost is too high, therefore, it is information exchange compared the advantages of businessman industry organizations as a private order and tried to acted as the protector of the economic order, processing the old basic credit is broken and disorderly competition and benefit conflict problems. However, because of the restriction and influence of various factors, historical reality annotation, Kyakhta merchant organization did not assume the burden, which in a certain level lead to Kyakhta market gradually declined. 目录: 中文摘要 6-7 ABSTRACT 7 引言 8-16 第一章 恰克图贸易早期政府干预下的制度环境 16-26 1.1 市场准入制度 16-19 1.2 信用保障 19-22 1.2.1 交易方式 19-20 1.2.2 商品质量 20-22 1.3 价格调控 22-26 第二章 鸦片战争后商人组织的自我约束 26-37 2.1 制度环境的退化 26-30 2.1.1 垄断优势的丧失 26-28 2.1.2 歧视性的税收政策 28-30 2.2 商人组织功能的扩展 30-37 2.2.1 流通领域 30-33 2.2.2 生产领域 33-37 第三章 商人组织功能的弱化 37-46 3.1 流通领域中的外部性问题 37-40 3.2 茶叶生产方式的制约 40-42 3.3 交易方式的局限性 42-46 参考文献 46-50 攻读学位期间的文章目录 50-51 致谢 51-52 个人简况及联系方式 52-54 |
