Ⅰ INTRODUCTION 8-13 1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 8-11 1.1.1 The Comparative Study of English, French and Chinese Languages and Its Status Quo 8-10 1.1.2 The Problems Concerning a Comparative Study of English, French and Chinese Passives 10-11 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE DISSERTATION 11-12 1.3 LAYOUT OF THE DISSERTATION 12-13 Ⅱ EXPLORATION ON SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF PASSIVES 13-22 2.1 DEFINITION OF PASSlVES 13-17 2.1.1 Syntactic Definition 13-14 2.1.2 Semantic Definition 14-17 2.2 STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH, FRENCH AND CHINESE PASSIVES 17-22 2.2.1 Passives in English 17-18 2.2.2 Passives in French 18-20 2.2.3 Passives in Chinese 20-22 Ⅲ SYNTACTIC COMPARISON ON ENGLISH FRENCH AND CHINESE PASSIVES 22-47 3.1 PRINCIPLES AND PARAMETERS 23-24 3.2 GENERAL SYNTACTIC PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVES IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND CHINESE 24-31 3.2.1 Affectedness of Entity 24-25 3.2.2 Promotion and Demotion 25-27 3.2.3 Some Constraints for Verbs 27-31 3.3 SYNTACTIC DIFFERENCES ON ENGLISH FRENCH AND CHINESE PASSIVES 31-47 3.3.1 Differences in Subject 31-35 3.3.2 Differences in Prepositions Introducing the Agent and the Optional Agent 35-39 3.3.3 Differences in Verbs 39-47 Ⅳ SEMANTIC COMPARISON ON ENGLISH FRENCH AND CHINESE PASSIVES 47-53 4.1 SEMANTIC SIMILARITIES OF ENGLISH FRENCH AND CHINESE PASSIVES 47-50 4.1.1 Ambiguity of Agent 47-48 4.1.2 Natural Change of the Subject 48-49 4.1.3 Impersonal Position 49-50 4.2 SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES ON ENGLISH FRENCH AND CHINESE PASSIVES 50-51 4.2.1 Objective Attribution of English and French Passive Voice 50-51 4.2 Negative Meaning of Chinese Passive Voice 51-53 Ⅴ PROFOUND REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES OF PASSIVES IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND CHINESE LANGUAGES-CULTURE DIFFERENCES 53-67 5.1 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 54-58 5.2 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 58-63 5.3 CULTURAL DIFFERENCE OF VALUES, PSYCHOLOGY, THINKING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERNS 63-67 Ⅵ CONCLUSION 67-68 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68-71 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 71 |
