Ⅰ . INTRODUCTION 8-14 1.1 Literature Review 8-12 1.1.1 The Background of Contrastive Studies and Its Status Quo 8-10 1.1.2 The Significances of Contrastive Studies 10-11 1.1.3 The Problems in Contrastive Studies 11-12 1.2 The General Goal, Central Idea and Overall Development of the Thesis 12-14 Ⅱ. EXPLORATION ON THE SIMILARITIES IN WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN DECLARATIVE SENTENCES 14-41 2.1 The Position of Subject in English, French and German Declarative Sentences and the Cognitive Expositions 15-17 2.1.1 The Position of Subject 15-16 2.1.2 A Cognitive and Pragmatic Exposition of the Position of Subject in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 16-17 2.2 The Position of Verbs in English, French and German Declarative Sentences and the Profound Reasons 17-21 2.2.1 The Position of Verbs 18-19 2.2.2 The Ordering of Auxiliary Verb and Main Verb 19-20 2.2.3 The Profound Reasons for the Placement of Verbs in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 20-21 2.3 Exploration on the Position of Object in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 21-28 2.3.1 The Position of the Only Object 21-22 2.3.2 The Placement of a Direct Object and an Indirect Object 22-28 2.3.2.1 An Indirect Object in Front of a Direct Object 23-25 2.3.2.2 A Direct Object in Front of an Indirect Object 25-28 2.4 The Order of Attribute in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 28-34 2.4.1 Analysis of the Similarities in the Position of Attribute in English, French and German 29-33 2.4.1.1 Analysis of the Position of Article, Demonstrative, Quantifier, Number, and Possessive and in English, French and German 29-30 2.4.1.2 Analysis of the Position of Prepositional Phrase Modifier and Relative Clause in English, French and German 30-33 2.4.2 Analysis of the Similarities in Ordering Adjective Modifier in English and German 33 2.4.3 Analysis of the Placement Similarities in English and French Participial Phrase Modifier 33-34 2.5 Exploration on the Placement of Adverbial in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 34-41 2.5.1 Adverbial in the Final Position 34-37 2.5.2 Adverbial in the Initial Position 37-39 2.5.3 Adverbial in the Mid-Position 39-41 Ⅲ. ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENCES ON WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN DECLARATIVE SENTENCES 41-59 3.1 Analysis of toe Differences in the Position of Subject in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 41-44 3.1.1 Differences in the Position of Subject in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 42-43 3.1.2 Analysis of the Differences in the Position of Subject 43-44 3.2 Exposition of the Differences in the Placement of Verbs in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 44-49 3.2.1 The Differences in the Position of Verbs among English, French, and German Declarative Clauses 44-48 3.2.1.1 The Position of Verbs in Independent Clauses 44-46 3.2.1.2 The Position of Verbs in Dependent Clauses 46-48 3.2.2 Exposition of the Differences in the Placement of Verbs in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 48-49 3.3 Analysis of the Differences in the Placement of Objects in English, French and German Declarative Sentences 49-53 3.3.1 Analysis of the Differences in the Placement of Object Pronouns in French and in English and German 49-50 3.3.2 Analysis of the Differences in Arranging Objects in German and in English and French 50-53 3.4 Analysis ofthe Differences in the Position of Attributes Among English, French and German 53-56 3.4.1 The Differences in Placement of Adjective Modifiers among English, French and German 53-55 3.4.2 Analysis of the Differences in the Position of Adjective Modifiers among English, French and German 55-56 3.5 Exposition of the Differences of toe Position of Adverbials among English, French and German 56-59 3.5.1 The TMP vs PMT Pattern 56-57 3.5.2 Adverbial Between Subject and Verb vs Adverbial Between Verb and Object 57-59 Ⅳ. CONCLUSION 59-61 APPENDIX 61-63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 63-66 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 66 |
