| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 19世纪中期开端的俄国晚期古代化寸步难行、抵触迭起，根植于18世纪改造活动奠基的社会基本。18世纪的改造活动分为三个成长阶段，俄语论文题目，彼得一世的改造时代、宫庭政变时代、叶卡特琳娜二世的改造时代。18世纪的改造活动仅仅是俄国封建体系体例外部的自我调剂，旨在战胜俄国封建主义上升时代社会见临的危机，强化西欧本钱主义工业世界冲击下重建的沙皇独裁主义政权，而这类独裁主义政权是悖论性的聚集体一古代构造与中世纪构造的奇异混杂物。彼得一世的改造从国度的全体好处动身，物资层面的欧化改造使俄国社会决裂为贵族和农人二个品级。彼得一世的继续者从贵族品级好处动身，物资、精力层面的进一步欧化改造和贵族外部的抵触加重了贵族品级的决裂和反抗。俄国独裁主义的君主一人专制变成君主和年夜贵族的结合独裁，年夜贵族成为俄国社会提高成长的阻力；中小贵族生涯贫苦，某些年夜贵族遭到旧世袭贵族的排斥，他们以服役措施回避国度责任，离开俄国社会实际。从这个意义上说，贵族是18世纪改造的积极推进者和受害者，又是18世纪改造的回避者和受益者。基辅罗斯时代，中介活动贸易商业、“索贡巡行”的经济轨制和政治上的长幼次序制决议了贵族的侍卫身份；蒙古罗斯时代，鞑靼人的暴力统治摧毁了俄国旧的经济形状和社会组织，封建世袭领地轨制的树立，假寓农业生涯的开端，侍卫改变成为年夜公的“廷臣”；莫斯科罗斯时代，莫斯科公国边境的赓续拓展，封邑公国的接踵归附，退役王公、侍卫成为莫斯科年夜公的“退役人员”。领地轨制增强了“退役人员”对沙皇当局的经济依靠，家世制又障碍了“退役人员”之间的政治同盟和联结。18世纪俄罗斯帝国后期的改造使贵族成为同一的特权品级，但却没有树立起具有同一社会心识的政治同盟。沙皇独裁主义统治的强化，农奴制的扩展耽搁了俄国古代化的过程。贵族体系体例的抵触成长就是改造悖论性的集中表现。在政治、社会文明范畴，俄国封建主义自发生起就缺少西欧的法制化传统和封建附属之间的“互惠性”准绳。《官秩表》把退役人员构成为同一的社会品级贵族品级。一切社会成员可以经由过程仕进的措施取得贵族称号，依据教导水平和任职刻日提升官职，犒赏徽章、爵位。《官秩表》代替了中世纪家世准绳，打破贵族品级的关闭性，加强了俄国君主轨制的性命力和弹性。18世纪中期，安娜·伊凡诺芙娜实时修改彼得一世的过激政策，减缓贵族退役责任，开办贵族黉舍，俄语论文网站，对贵族后辈停止按期的4次检阅。18世纪前期，叶卡特琳娜二世进一步完美了《官秩表》的任职准绳，贵族铨叙局经由过程按期挂号、判定、经验表、《名册》和生齿普查等措施标准贵族官员的退役。从新强调任职年限、功劳和教导水平准绳。特别强调功劳准绳，优越劣汰。并把《官秩表》任职准绳扩展到国度的其他行政部分。可见，《官秩表》的任职准绳使俄国封建贵族品级和权要品级无机地融为一体，俄国的退役贵族准绳比普鲁士实施得更加完全。贵族头衔的社会起源和称号起源都出自于宫庭，具有地盘和农人的贵族小我对沙皇政权的感恩水平比任何国度要年夜。农人一向是反抗当局的社会异己力气，贵族从未息事宁人，职业性、永远性、无自立性的军事退役仍然是贵族的重要价值取向。所以，18世纪是沙皇当局和贵族息争的时期，在社会危机眼前他们同 Abstract: In the middle of the 19th century the beginning of Russia in late antiquity of impassable, repeatedly conflict, rooted in the 18th century transformation foundation of social basic. Reconstruction activities in eighteenth Century is divided into three stages, the transformation era transformation era, Peter Thi's palace coup era, Yekaterina ii. Transformation of the 18th century is only the Russian feudal system style external self swap, aimed at overcoming the Russian feudalism rise times of society see the presence of crisis, strengthen the impact of Western capitalist industrial world reconstruction czar authoritarian regimes, and this kind of authoritarian regime is paradox of aggregates of an ancient structure and medieval Structure Singular impurities. Reform of Peter I to set out from the kingdom of all the benefits and the transformation of Europeanization of material level to Russian social rupture of nobles and farmers second grade. Peter who was to set off from the nobility grade benefits, materials, energy level further Europeanization transformation and noble external conflict increased grade of noble and breaking resistance. Russian authoritarian monarchy autocracy into monarchs and nobles of the combined with the dictatorship and big noble become Russian society to improve the growth of resistance; small noble life poor, some of the eve of the nobility was the rejection of the old hereditary aristocracy, they to service ways of avoiding state responsibility, leaving Russia social reality. In this sense, is to actively promote the transformation of the aristocracy in eighteenth Century and eighteenth Century is the transformation of the victims and beneficiaries of avoidance. Age of Kievan Rus, intermediary trade business, "demand tribute cruise" economic system and political pecking order of resolution the bodyguard of aristocratic identity; Ross Mongolia era, tartar violent rule destroyed the Russian old economic shape and social organization, feudal hereditary lead rail system establish, false combine agricultural career beginning. The guard is changed into the eve of the "courtier"; Moscow Rus era, Grand Duchy of Moscow border ceaselessly expand, fief of the Duchy of progressively Guifu, retired princes, bodyguard become Moscow Nianye Association of retired personnel ". Territory rail system enhances the retired personnel of the Tsarist authorities economy depends on, family system and obstacles in the retired personnel "between political allies and connection. 18th century Russian Empire period of transformation, the noble became the same privilege grades, but did not establish a with the same social consciousness of political union. Strengthen the Czar authoritarian rule, extended serfdom delayed the process of Russian modernization. The concentrated expression of aristocratic system conflict is the transformation of the growth paradox. In the category of political and social civilization, Russian feudalism from the beginning to lack legal system in Western Europe between the traditional and feudal affiliated "reciprocity" principle. "Rank table" the retired personnel for the same grade grade noble society. All members of the community can through the process of Shi in method obtain title of nobility, according to education level and working hour, improve office reward badges, rank of nobility. The officer rank form "replaced the medieval family principle, break the nobility grade closed, strengthen the Russian monarch rail of the life force and elastic. The mid-18th century, Anna Ivanovna real-time modification of Peter I of Russia's radical policies, slow the noble retired, and run elite schools, to aristocratic younger regular inspected. In the early period of the 18th century, ekarepha II further perfect the "official rank" working principle, noble service through regular registration, judgement, experience to the table, the list "and population census method standard noble officials retired. From the new emphasis on tenure, education level and credit principle. Special emphasis on credit principle, superiority of the fittest. And the "rank table" as criterion is extended to other part of the country's administrative. Visible, the officer rank list of the working principle of the Russian feudal nobility grade and right to blend into the grade inorganic, Russian retired noble principles than Prussian implementation more fully. Title of nobility of social origin and Title Origin from the court, with land and farmer's noble person of the Tsarist regime of gratitude level than any other country to the eve of the. Farmers have always been against the authorities of the dissident strength, nobility never make concessions to avoid trouble, occupational, forever, no independent military retirement is still the important value orientation of noble. So, eighteenth Century is the Russian authorities and the nobility to settle in the period of social crisis in front of them 目录: |
