| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 18世纪的处所机构改造树立起了省县两级治理体系体例,既健全了处所国度机构,增强了中心对处所的治理,又进步了贵族在处所治理中的位置。1861年农奴制改造成为俄国社会转型的里程碑,俄国社会开端由品级社会转向阶层社会,这个改变进程极端庞杂。1864年处所自治机构改造,不只在短时代内处理了农奴束缚后当局对处所的治理成绩,并且也为社会转型中的俄国贵族供给了成长空间。很多贵族回到处所,不只增进了俄国农业、教导、文明、卫闹事业的成长,并且在相当长的时光内保护了处所社会的稳固。因为特别的地缘政治身分,俄国贵族的权力历来与国度退役慎密相干,而与地盘有关,这个抵触在19世纪中前期显得尤其显著。1861年农奴制改造极年夜地冲击贵族品级,政治上,俄国贵族品级的特权开端损失,品级分化过程加速,贵族没法依照原无方式为国度退役;经济上,以国度责任为基本的俄国贵族,在价钱反动安慰下,年夜量兜售地盘。而年夜量农奴和地盘的损失,贵族的生计成绩遭到严重挑衅。领地贵族不只介入处所农人事务的治理,也介入处所自治机构的治理。在处所自治机构中,作为贵族好处代言人和引导者的首席贵族仅仅是协助当局治理处所的对象,这类两重身份决议了贵族在社会成长转型中的抵触性,一方面,他们试图经由过程介入处所治理填补年夜改造带来的丧失,极力保护原本的品级特权,另外一方面,作为中心当局的从属物--处所自治机构的引导者,在推进俄国处所机构改造中发施展的感化是无限的。本文试图从领地贵族在处所自治机构成长中的感化来商量俄国在帝俄早期社会转型中的庞杂性和抵触性。 Abstract: In eighteenth Century, the transformation of the local institutions set up two levels of governance system, which not only improve the local state institutions, strengthen the management of the center of the premises, but also improved the position of the nobility in local governance. In 1861 the serfdom reform become the milestone in the social transformation in Russia, Russian society to start by caste to social class, the process of change extremely heterogeneous. 1864 transformation of local self-government institutions, not only in a short period of time to deal with the authorities of the shackles of the premises of the governance achievements, but also for the social transformation of the Russian aristocracy supply growth space. Many nobles returned to the premises, not only to promote the development of Russian agriculture, education, culture, public health, and in a long time to protect the stability of the premises of the community. Because of the special geopolitical factors, Russian aristocrat's power has traditionally been associated with country retired cheek by jowl and coherent, and the site. The conflict in the 19th century in the early is particularly significant. 1861 serfdom reform greatly impact grade of noble, the politics, the Russian nobility grade privilege began losing, caste differentiation process accelerated, noble not in accordance with no way for the country to retire; economically, to state responsibility for basic Russian nobility, in price reactionary comfort, a large number of selling sites. While the amount of the loss of a large number of slaves and land, the livelihood of the aristocracy was severely provoked. The aristocratic governance not only involved in the affairs of the district farmer, is also involved in the premises of autonomous organization governance. In the premises of autonomous institutions, as the spokesperson of aristocratic benefits and guide the chief nobles is only to assist the government management of the premises, the dual identity resolution the nobles in the social development in the transformation of the conflict, on the one hand, they tried to through the process involved in local governance to fill the loss brought by the transformation, tried to protect the original grade privilege, on the other hand as subordinate objects of the central authorities, local self-government bodies guide, in advance of the Russian space agency to transform hair display effect is infinite. This article attempts from the manor in place autonomous institutions to grow effect to discuss Russian in Russia early in the course of social transformation in complex and conflicting. 目录: 摘要 5-6 Abstract 6 引言 9-13 一 选题意义 9-10 二 探讨动态 10-12 三 探讨思路和措施 12 四 创新之处 12-13 第一章 18 世纪俄国的贵族与地方机构改革 13-19 第一节 彼得一世时期的地方机构改革 13-15 第二节 叶卡捷琳娜二世时期的地方机构改革 15-16 第三节 18 世纪俄国地方机构改革中的贵族 16-19 第二章 19 世纪中期—20 世纪初贵族政治、经济地位的变化 19-38 第一节 1861 年农奴制废除后贵族的政治地位 19-29 一 大改革前贵族的政治地位 19-25 二 改革后贵族政治地位的变迁 25-29 第二节 1861 年农奴制废除后贵族的经济地位 29-38 一 大改革前贵族的解放与农奴制强化 29-32 二 农奴制废除后贵族经济的衰落 32-38 第三章 19 世纪中期—20 世纪初贵族与地方机构改革 38-76 第一节 19 世纪中期—20 世纪初俄国地方机构改革 38-46 一 尼古拉一世时期的地方机构改革 38-39 二 19 世纪60-70 年代的地方机构改革 39-42 三 19 世纪末—20 世纪初的地方机构改革 42-46 第二节19 世纪中期—20 世纪初地方机构改革中的贵族 46-76 一 贵族和地方农民机构 46-60 二 贵族和地方自治机构 60-67 三 地方管理机构中的首席贵族 67-76 结语 76-78 参考文献 78-82 致谢 82-83 作者简历 83 |
