| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，俄语论文网站，内容请直接查看目录。） 习气法是在一个社会配合体内历久构成的，被年夜家认可和遵照的行动标准和行为准则。在 １８—１９ 世纪初俄国农奴乡村，习气法起着异常主要的感化。乡村的各类关系靠习气法确立和调理，村社的次序也由习气法保持。研究习气法对于研究俄国农人史有主要意义。 一 习气法下乡村的地盘关系 １８—１９ 世纪初俄国农奴乡村的村社是地盘重分型村社。农人对份地有运用权和某些安排权。份地的面积由农户的征税才能决议。对于一些贫苦农户，要保证他们根本生涯所必须的地盘。农人对宅旁场地享有公有权。宅旁场地的面积是与农户的征税才能成反比的。对于乡村的弱势群体也要保证必定面积的宅旁场地。农人对荒地有公有权和安排权。共耕地以“休息组合”措施个人耕种，假如农户没有才能耕种份地，也能够获得其他社员的无偿赞助。总之，在 １８—１９ 世纪初俄国农奴乡村，习气法在确立和调理乡村地盘关系时起主要感化。村社积极遵守习气法，俄语论文网站，既知足了农户的临盆需求，又完成了贫苦农户的生涯须要，同时也包管了村社的征税才能，这是村社历久存在的一个主要缘由。 二 乡村产业划分时根据的习气法 习气法是乡村停止产业划分的重要根据。产业为全部农户配合一切是划分产业的条件。产业划分在三个准绳长进行：保证新构成的大家庭的征税才能；保证乡村弱势群体的根本生涯；保证农户成员的私家产业。在分歧类型的农人家庭（复合父权家庭、复合兄权家庭、赘婿家庭、复合叔权48《WP=53》家庭、复合孀妇家庭），产业划分时根据的习气法是分歧的。在复合父权家庭停止产业划分时，作为家长的父亲有必定的优势，表示了显著的不屈等性，家长死力防止划分宅旁场地。寡居的母亲在划分产业时也有必定的谈话权。在复合兄权家庭划分产业时要公道一些，每种产业都分红对等得份额，在兄弟间等分，对于不克不及等分的产业，要给份额少的成员必定的赔偿。复合兄权家庭也死力防止划分宅旁场地。在赘婿家庭，赘婿既享有必定的产业权力，又实行必定的责任。赘婿获得产业权的刻日和产业的份额取决于与岳父岳母相处的和气水平。赘婿有责任养活岳父岳母，有责任替岳父家还债，有责任抚育老婆与前夫的儿子。在复合叔权家庭，叔叔与侄子对产业享有对等的权力。在复合孀妇家庭，年青孀妇占领必定的优势。分歧类型农人家庭的产业划分包管了农户正常的临盆生涯和实行征税责任，坚持了村社次序的稳固。习气法对乡村弱势群体起侧重要的保证感化，如对年迈者的生涯保证，对“女性群”的嫁奁和生涯保证，对“无克己力者”的监管。这注解了俄国农人重孝道、尊老爱幼和联结友好的个人主义精力。根据习气法，女性的嫁奁、农人的衣物及圣像是农人的私家产业，表现了习气法对农人公有产业的掩护。 三 农人在实行封建责任时遵守的习气法 在征收租税时，按农户的征税才能分摊租税和以连环保措施征收租税。征税才能强的农户固然可以获得较多的地盘，但也要交纳响应数目的租税，因为实施连环保，充裕农户要替贫苦农户交纳必定数额的租税。这在必定水平上延缓了农人分化，并增强了贫苦农户的依附性。在实行兵役时，一部门兵役责任由“受处分者”、“无休息才能者”及“家道清贫者”去实行，另外一部门农户以“抓阄”的情势肯定兵役顺序，这在必定水平上49《WP=54》包管了兵源，减缓了村社的压力。 四 对农人处分时遵守的习气法 根据习气法，对农人的处分措施有怒斥、体罚、交纳罚金、放逐及放逐等几种分歧情势。这在必定水平上标准了村社的正常临盆生涯次序，保证了村社的稳固。 习气法是俄国村社历久存在的主要缘由，它在必定水平上延缓了农人分化，对农人的思想措施和性情特点发生了主要作用。 Abstract: The common law is a long-term cooperation in vivo in a society that is the standard of action recognition and follow the principles of conduct and. In the early nineteenth Century of 18 -, the customary law of the Russian rural villages and rural areas of the country, the main effect. All kinds of rural relations rely on customary law to establish and regulate the order of the village community is also maintained by the customary law. Research on Russian history of customary law research have important significance for farmers. A rural land relationship under the customary law 18 - the village society of the Russian rural village of the early nineteenth Century was the site of the village community. The farmer has a right to arrange and some application right. The area of the land is taxed by the farmers to decide. On some poor farmers, to ensure that their basic career must be the site. The farmers enjoy the public ownership of the house next to the site. The area around the house is in inverse proportion to the farmer's tax collection. On rural vulnerable groups also need to ensure that a certain area of the house next to the site. The farmers have the right to land ownership and arrangement. Total arable land to "rest" method of personal cultivation, if the farmers can not be cultivated land, but also to get other members of the free sponsorship. In short, in the early nineteenth Century of 18 -, the Russian rural land, the customary law in the establishment and regulation of rural land relations play a major role. Village actively comply with customary law, not only satisfied the farmers give birth demand, and completed the poor farmers of career needs, and ensure that the village of taxation can, it is village long-standing of one of the main reasons. Two rural industrial division, according to the customary law is an important basis for the division of rural industries. Industry for all farmers to cooperate with all the conditions for the division of the industry. Industry is divided into three principles: to ensure that the new tax collection of large families, to ensure that the basic career of rural vulnerable groups; to ensure that the private industry. In the WP=53 different types of farmer's family (composite patriarchal family, composite brother in the family and son-in-law family composite TERT in 48 families, composite widow family), the industry division according to the customary law is differences. In composite patriarchal family to stop industrial division, as the father of the parents have certain advantages, said the significant of unyielding, parents try to prevent division of the house next to the site. Widowed mother in the division of industry will have the right to talk. In the division of the right to a certain number of brothers and brothers in the industry, each industry has a share of the share of dividends, in the brothers division, on the inability to equal parts of the industry, to give the share of a small number of members of the compensation. The right to try to prevent the composite brother family division inbye site. In this family, this has certain industrial power, and the implementation of certain responsibility. This industry right moment and industry share depends on my mother-in-law and father-in-law and level. This has the responsibility to support the father-in-law, responsible for his father-in-law's debts, have the responsibility and the son of ex tending wife. In the compound tertiary right family, uncle and nephew have equal rights to the industry. In the composite widow family, young widow occupy certain advantages. Different types of farmer household industry division to ensure the farmers normal parturient career and the implementation of tax liability, adhere to the stability of the village order. Customary law of rural vulnerable groups side important guarantee role, such as for elderly persons, life assurance, the "female" the dowry and career to ensure the supervision of "self-control". This illustrates the Russian farmers heavy filial piety, zunlaoaiyou and friendly connection of individualism energy. According to the customary law, women's dowry, a farmer's clothing and icon is the farmer's private industry, the performance of the customary law of the protection of farmers in the public sector. Three farmers in the implementation of the feudal, compliance with the customary law in the collection of tax, by farmers of Taxation to apportion taxes and even the environment to levy tax. Tax to the strong while farmers can obtain more territory, but also to pay tax of the number of responses, because the implementation of even the environment, plenty of farmers to poor for farmers to pay for a certain amount of tax. This slows the farmers differentiation in a certain extent, and enhanced the dependence of poor farmers. In carrying out military service, a service department, by the "punishment", "to rest" and "Perutz is" to implement, also a peasant households to "lottery" situation certainly military order, this in a certain level of the 49 the WP=54 assured manpower, slowing the village of pressure. Four of the farmer is imposed to comply with the customary law according to customary law, of farmer's methods of disposal has angrily, corporal punishment, to pay fines, exile and exile, several different situations. The standard of the village's normal production order career to a certain extent, to ensure the stability of the village. Customary law is a main reason why Russian village is long-standing, it to a certain level of delayed the farmers differentiation, of the farmer's way of thinking and temperament characteristics occurred mainly influence. 目录: |
