| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 诺夫哥罗德是俄国中世纪汗青上可以同基辅和莫斯科并肩而立的一个城市，被誉为俄国的佛罗伦萨。诺夫哥罗德奇特的政治轨制特别遭到汗青研究者们的存眷，俄语论文范文，争辩的核心重要集中在诺夫哥罗德当局究竟是平易近主的照样寡头的这个成绩上。晚期的俄国汗青学家们以为诺夫哥罗德是一个平易近主共和国，而20世纪以来以亚宁为代表的学者们则以为它是一个贵族寡头的共和国。本文经由过程对诺夫哥罗德政治体系体例中各个要素的剖析，以为维彻固然不是所谓的纯洁的平易近主机构，但它依然是平易近众表达本身志愿的有用门路，并经常是经由过程抵触和暴力的情势表现出来。维彻也其实不能被草率以为是贵族统治的对象。与其它罗斯城市比拟，固然看起来诺夫哥罗德对本身王公的选择有更高的自在度，但本质上年夜部门时光内它依然是受制于人的。在前期诺夫哥罗德王公的权利也切实其实是遭到了增添，但王公依然是这个城市政治生涯中的主要脚色。波雅尔贵族们操纵着帕萨德尼克(处所行政主座)这一城市主要官职，然则平易近众依然对他们有必定的束缚力。年夜主教则凭仗宗教威望和经济实力在城市政治生涯中饰演了中立调剂者的脚色。整体来看诺夫哥罗德奉行的是一种个人统治，而诺夫哥罗德也切实其实可被称作是一个贵族共和国。然则我们要留意到诺夫哥罗德的政治体系体例具有一种成长进程，而且具有浓重的俄国颜色。这类政治体系体例注解了俄国汗青上存在着某种中世纪的平易近主。而1478年伊凡三世对这个城市的驯服，割断了一种潜伏的更东方化和更平易近主化的俄罗斯汗青成长涌现的能够性。本文重要分四个部门，七个章节。第一部门即文章的第一章，是对诺夫哥罗德概略一个根本的引见，对城市的平易近族组成和构成，地舆情况及商路，经济生涯，社会分层，俄语论文网站，城郊区划及边境，文明造诣，对外关系及汗青分期停止了扼要论述。第二部门是文章的第2、3、4、五章，对诺夫哥罗德政治轨制诸要素分离停止了研讨。第二章的考核对象是一贯被以为是诺夫哥罗德平易近主意味的机构一维彻。经由过程对各派学者看法、纪年史材料及最近考古学发明的综合剖析，笔者以为维彻固然不是一个稳固和历久的政治机构，但无疑它在诺夫哥罗德政治生涯中具有焦点位置。它是城市平易近众介入政治的有用门路，也其实不能被草率以为是贵族统治的对象。它证实了在俄国存在着某种中世纪的平易近主。第三章的考核对象是诺夫哥罗德的王公。经由过程对纪年史中记录的王公的选举和驱赶，及同王公签署的契约，和王公军事和交际本能机能的研讨，笔者以为诺夫哥罗德的王公位置并没有像部门汗青学家以为的那末衰败，他依然是共和国必弗成少的一部门，是最高行政权利的代表。第四章的考核对象是诺夫哥罗德的主要城市官员帕萨德尼克，也即处所行政主座。经由过程对帕萨德尼克官员的起源，及职位改造状态，他们与平易近众关系的剖析，得出了波雅尔贵族操纵着这一主要职位，而诺夫哥罗德切实其实是一个贵族寡头统治的共和国的结论。但同时我们也要看到平易近众对帕萨德尼克的制约感化。第五章的考核对象是诺夫哥罗德的年夜主教。经由过程对年夜主教政治感化，经济实力，司法及交际权利及军事本能机能的考核，作者以为诺夫哥罗德年夜主教在政治生涯中施展侧重要感化，但这类位置也不克不及被过度拔高。第三部门是文章的第六章，是对诺夫哥罗德兴起缘由的探寻。经由过程剖析，笔者以为诺夫哥罗德经济、军事、交际、政治情势的好转，及对其所处其时汗青情势是它兴起的重要身分。第四部门是文章的结语部门，笔者对诺夫哥罗德政治体系体例的性质提出了本身的不雅点，并和对其在俄国汗青位置作出了评价。整体来看，诺夫哥罗德切实其实不是一个平易近主共和国，而是一个贵族共和国。但这个城市现实上奉行的是一种个人统治，而且不克不及疏忽这类政治体系体例阅历了一个成长进程。同罗斯其它公国比拟，诺夫哥罗德的平易近主具有主要的成长潜力，只需无机会这类东方朝向的平易近主自在就会实在发生。但莫斯科对这个城市的驯服割断了一种东方朝向的平易近主潜力持续生长的能够性，也减弱了俄国同东方接洽的纽带。 Abstract: Novgorod is a medieval Russian history with Kiev and Moscow alongside a city stand, known as Florence in russia. Novgorod's unique political system, especially the history of the study of the attention, the core of the dispute is the focus of the Novgorod authorities in the same as the master of the same. In the late period of Russian history, Russian history scholars think that Novgorod is a democratic country, but since twentieth Century, Ya Ning was the representative of the scholars think it is a Republic of the aristocracy. This paper through the analysis of various elements of the political system in Novgorod, Weiche thought is not the so-called pure democracy mechanism, but it is still a useful way of public expression itself is voluntary, and often through the process of conflict and violence situation show. Weiche but can not be hasty thought object aristocracy. Compared with the rest of the Ross city of Novgorod, although look itself princes have higher freedom of choice, but in fact it is still within the most time of heteronomy. In the early stage of the Maharaja of Novgorod right also is actually being added, but the city is still the main role in his political career. Parsad Nick manipulated the nobles (Boyars, the chief executive of the premises) a major city official, but people still have certain of their binding force. The archbishop is with religious prestige and economic strength as a neutral mediator role in the political life in the city. The overall view of Novgorod is a personal rule, while Novgorod is also effective in fact can be called a noble republic. However, we should note that the political system in Novgorod has a growing process, and has a strong Russian color. This kind of political system means that there are some medieval people in the history of Russia. And Ivan III in 1478 to the city's tame, cut off a latent more Oriental and more democratic Russia's history of the development of the emerging. This paper is divided into four parts, seven chapters. First part is the first chapter, Novgorod is an essential component of the city's introduction, the ethnic composition and geographical conditions and economic and trade routes, career, social stratification, suburban zoning and border, civilization attainments, foreign relations and historical stage to stop a brief discussion. The second part is the second, 3, 4 and five chapters of the article, and the separation of the elements of the political system in Novgorod is discussed. The second chapter of the assessment object is always considered to be the main means of Novgorod, the main body of one dimensional. Through the process of view, a lot of scholars annals materials and recent archaeological present comprehensive analysis, the author thinks that political institutions Weiche is not a stable and long term, but it is in Novgorod's political career has the focus position. It is a useful way for the city's public involvement in politics, and it can not be considered as the object of the aristocratic rule. It confirms that there are some medieval people in Russia. The third chapter is the evaluation object of the Maharaja of Novgorod. Through the process of the record in the annals of the election and drive, and with the signing of the contract, and discusses the military and communicative functions, the author thinks that the position of Novgorod did not like that at the end of the decline of department historians believe that the Republic he is still an indispensable part, is the representative of the highest administrative rights. The fourth chapter of the assessment object is Novgorod's main city officials, Parsad Nick, that is, the main seat of the premises. Through the process of the origin of PA Sardonyx officials, and position transformation, analyze them and public relations, the manipulation of the aristocratic Boyars, the main position, while Novgorod is actually an oligarchy of the Republic of the conclusion. But at the same time, we also want to see the people of Parsad Nick's constraints. The fifth chapter of the assessment of the subject is the Archbishop of Novgorod. Through the process of the Archbishop of political influence, economic strength, justice and communication rights and military performance appraisal, the author thought that the Archbishop of Novgorod in the political career plays an important role, but this position also cannot be exaggerated. The third part is the sixth chapter of the article, which is the reason for the rise of Novgorod. Through the process of analysis, the author thinks that the economic, military, social and political situation of Novgorod is better, and it is an important factor in its rise. The fourth part is the conclusion of the article, the author of the political system of Novgorod nature of the nature of the point, and the position of its history in Russia has made an evaluation. On the whole, Novgorod is actually not a Democratic Republic, but a noble republic. But the reality of the city is a personal rule, and can not neglect this kind of political system to experience a growth process. Compared with other Ross principality of Novgorod's democracy out 目录: |
