| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 总统与议会的关系实质上是立法、履行权利机关之间分权和制衡的关系。俄罗斯1993年宪法公布后 总统订定合同会关系产生了量变，由议会制下的两权关系改变为总统制下两权位置不屈等、权利设置装备摆设不屈衡的关系。全文除导言外共分五部门。第一章，俄罗斯总统与议会关系的演变。从1988年苏联开端政治体系体例改造起，国度政治体系体例阅历了两次严重变更，俄语论文网站，先由“立行合一”的苏维埃制改变为“国民代表年夜会制”，后又引进了三权分立的总统制，权利重心也随着两次产生转移。俄罗斯的政治体系体例也响应地产生了改变。在年夜变更的进程中，俄罗斯政权日趋突起，俄语毕业论文，并终究走向自力。从1992年开端，俄罗斯逐步涌现总统与议会两重政权并存的局势。总统派以文攻武斗相合营的措施停止了两权并立，并制订了权利构造向总同一方倾斜的新宪法。1994～1999年，手握重权的叶利钦总统与愈来愈左倾的议会在新的宪法框架内就一系列成绩停止了较劲。叶利钦告退后，普京时期光降，总统与议会的关系涌现了一些新迹象，议会与总统协作的能够性较之叶利钦时期年夜年夜加强。第二章，俄罗斯总统与议会关系的根本特色及其本质。依据新宪法公布后1994～1999年俄罗斯总统与议会关系成长演化的情形，我们可以从实际角度发掘出俄总统与议会关系的两个实质特点，重要从政权构造和履行权利机关外部构造两个层面停止剖析。我们发不雅重生的俄罗斯政治轨制存在严重的机制缺点，重要表示为总统在权利设置装备摆设方面处于超等垄断位置，俄政权构造外部缺少对总统权利的制约机制，履行权利机关外部缺少分权，招致总统、当局权责不明，总统一当局一议会的权利三角中总统处于最有益的位置。第三章，制约叶利钦总统与议会关系的若干身分。回想俄罗斯总统与议会关系的演化过程，我们发明叶利钦总统在与议会奋斗中获得了绝年夜多半的成功，而议会不管在新宪法公布前照样公布后，在与总统的权利之争中简直一向饰演弱者的脚色，一直在监视、制约总统权利方面显得力有未逮。形成这类状态的缘由重要有五个：宪法、俄政治力气比较的变更、危机时代威望主义思惟的社会认同、汗青传统、叶利钦的小我身分。第四章，俄总统与议会关系的作用、趋势和变数。强总统一弱议会格式对俄政治发生了两方面的作用，积极作用重要表示为俄政局出现出在总一切治下恢复“次序”的状况；消极作用重要表示为两年夜权利机关的权利掉衡晦气于平易近主机制的发育。将来俄总统与议会关系的成长重要有六个制约身分。综合各方面身分斟酌，普京时期总统与议会关系将能够延续强总统一弱议会的态势。结论：俄宪法是一部过渡时代的宪法，有诸多缺点，亟待完美。叶利钦时期显示出权利极端小我化的特点。叶后时期的艰难义务就是从新调剂权利设置装备摆设构造即调剂总统订定合同会权利不制衡关系，制约权利的小我化偏向，增强轨制身分的制约机制，使总统与议会关系走上良性轮回的轨道。总之，俄罗斯今朝仍处于不稳固时代，总统与议会关系的演化，不只取决于无形的身分（如宪法、政治力气的比较等），还取决于一些有形的身分（如政党政治的成长演化、总统的特性等）。看俄总统与议会关系不克不及仅看一时的外面景象，还要看隐蔽在面前的诸多变数，这些身分能够很快产生感化，也能够历久不会发生发火，而这些又和赓续变更的实际政治亲密相干。 Abstract: The relationship between the president and the legislature is, in essence, the relationship between the legislation and the implementation of the separation of powers and checks and balances. Russia after the publication of the 1993 constitution president formulate contract relations from the quantitative change, by the parliament of the relationship of two powers change as president of two right position of unyielding, rights set equipment, furnishings unbalanced relationship. The full text is divided into five parts except the introduction. The first chapter, the evolution of Russian President and parliamentary relations. Since 1988, the Soviet Union began to political system reform, the country political system style experience two serious change, the "stand row together a" Soviet system changed to "National Congress", after the introduction of the separation of the three powers of the president of, the authority center of gravity with two transfer. Russia's political system in response to the changes in the style of the real estate. In the process of change in the process of change, the Russian regime has become increasingly protruding, and ultimately to self-reliance. From the beginning of 1992, the Russian President and the gradual emergence of the coexistence of the president and the Council of parliament. President sent to the attack phase joint venture of resorting to violence to stop the coexistence of the two rights, and to formulate the right structure to the total with a tilt of the new constitution. From 1994 to 1999, heavy right hand President Boris Yeltsin and become more and more left leaning assembly within the framework of the new constitution is a series of problems stop the rivalry. Yeltsin resigned, Putin Period photodegradation, the relationship between the president and parliament emerged some new signs, parliamentary and presidential collaboration can than in the Yeltsin period greatly enhanced. The second chapter: the basic characteristics and essence of Russian President and parliament relations. After the publication of the new constitution from 1994 to 1999 Russian President and parliamentary relations, the growth and evolution of the basis, we can explore a parliamentary relations with Russia and the president of the two substantive characteristics from a practical point of view, it is important from tectonic regime and performance of authority in the internal structure of the two aspects to carry on the analysis. We sent indecent rebirth of Russia's political orbit of serious mechanism disadvantages important representation for president in the right setting equipment, furnishings in the super monopoly position, outside of the Russian regime structure lack of presidential power restriction mechanism, to exercise the right to the external organs lack of decentralization, and lead to the president, government responsibility is unknown, in the parliament the authority of president of right triangle, the president is the most beneficial position. In the third chapter, some factors which restrict the relationship between President Yeltsin and parliament. Recall that the evolution of the relationship between the Russian President and parliament, we find that President Yeltsin in the struggle with the Council won the majority most successful, and parliament regardless of the prior to the promulgation of the new constitution still announced, in the role and powers of the president almost always played the weak, has been in the monitor and control of the powers of the presidency is inadequate. There are five reasons for the formation of this kind of state: the change of the Constitution and the political power of Russia, the social identity of the authority of the times of crisis, the historical tradition and the personal identity of Yeltsin. The fourth chapter: the influence of Russian President and parliament, the trend and the variable. President a weak parliamentary format of Russian political occurred two, positive impact on important representation for Russian political appear in total all the reign of recovery "order"; the negative influence of important representation for two of the eve of the authority the right out of balance is not conducive to the development of democratic mechanism. Russian President and the future growth of the relationship between the president of the Russian parliament has six main constraints. Comprehensive consideration of various aspects of the relationship between the president and the Congress Putin period will be able to continue the strong president of a weak parliamentary situation. Conclusion: the Russian constitution is a transitional era of the constitution, there are many shortcomings, to be perfect. Yeltsin period shows the characteristics of extreme personal rights. Leaf after the period of difficult obligations is from the new swap rights set furnishings and equipment structure that transfers president stipulated in the contract will be rights of checks and balances. Restricting the rights of personal bias, control mechanism for enhancing institutional identity, make relationship between the president and parliament embarked on a virtuous circle track. Anyway, Russia today is still in unstable times, the evolution of the relationship between the president and parliament, does not only depend on intangible factors, such as the comparison of the constitutional and political strength), but also on to the identity of the visible (such as the growth of political evolution, President of the characteristics, etc.). Russian presidential and parliamentary relations means not only to see the moment outside the scene, but also hidden in front of many variables, and these factors can quickly produce effect, also can long-term angry does not occur, and these and continuously change the political reality is closely related to the. 目录: |
