【 论文 关键词】一致准则 语法一致 意义一致 就近一致
【论文摘要】 法语 中的一致准则主要是指主谓一致,即:谓语的数应和主语的数保持一致。一致准则大致可分为:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。一致准则在法语中处处可见,本文就一致准则进行详细地研讨汇总,其总的情况如下:
1 语法一致
指形式上的主谓一致,即谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语一致
(1)以单数名词、不可数名词、动名词、不定式或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数;主语为复数时,谓语动词也运用复数
When he leaves is of his own decision.
What you really want is fortune and fame。
注:what引导的句子作主语谓语常用单数,但有时单复数皆可,视具体情况而定。What I want is/are books.(表语是复数名词,故也可用复数谓语,相当于Books are what I want.)
(2)用and或both..and连接的并列主语,其谓语常用复数
John and Joe are Jack of all trades.。
注1:若由and连接的并列主语表示同一人、物或概念,且and后面的名词前无冠词时,谓语需用单数
The red and white rose needs watering.
若and后面的名词前有冠词时则表示两个物体,此时谓语运用复数
The red and the white rose need watering.
注2:由and引导的单数名词并列作主语,若and前后的单数名词前都有each,every, no 或many a修饰时,谓语动词常用单数
Each man and each woman plays a waiting game.
No boy and no girl chases after rainbows.
(3)主语是单数,尽管后面跟有(together)with, as well as, like, but, except, including, no less than, rather than, in addition to 等介词短语时,谓语仍用单数
The husband, rather than the wife, deserts the family.
(4)若主语是“a kind of,a series of,a species of,a portion of 等/名词(单数或复数)”时,谓语动词一般用单数,即谓语的数需与这些结构中中心词的数一致。若这种结构中的词为表示一个整体的词时,如:a school of,a group of, a herd of , a flock of, a swarm of,如果指的是一个整体,作主语时谓语动词用单数;如果强调各个组成部分谓语用复数
This kind of dogs is amicable.
Those kinds of dogs are amicable.
A school of fishes lives in the middle reaches of the Yangtse River.(强调整体)
A school of fishes live in the middle reaches of the Yangtse River.(强调个体)
(5)关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句谓语的数应和先行词的数保持一致
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