| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，俄语论文范文，内容请直接查看目录。） 俄国城市自治有着奇特的汗青传统,汗青上俄国历代沙皇的改造事业都触及到城市治理的改造。19世纪60年月亚历山年夜二世的改造开启了城市自治成长的新阶段,它既是俄国城市自治传统的持续和成长,也是俄国古代化进程中城市行政治理轨制的一次主要摸索。此次改造是在破除农奴制和工业化的年夜配景下停止的。从沙皇当局的角度来看,城市自治改造就是要顺应工业化所带来的行政治理日趋庞杂化的请求,把当局没有精神处置的一部门事务交给城市社会治理。同时,将因改造而遭遇好处丧失的贵族的留意力引向城市,削减破除农奴制在俄国社会惹起的震动。而对于城市自治机构中的自在派运动家而言,城市自治是完成他们立宪平易近重要求的一个台阶。是以,在改造的全部进程中,一直存在着自在派运动家寻求社会准绳和沙皇、年夜贵族保护国度准绳两种改造偏向的奋斗。亚历山年夜二世时代,改造获得了必定的造诣,但到了亚历山年夜三世时代,涌现了对改造的革命,改造堕入了窘境,社会也处于缄默。沙皇当局在城市自治改造中碰到的各类成绩,其本源在于俄国社会自己的不成熟性。依照西欧国度的经历,城市自治是以蓬勃的市平易近社会为依托,而这类前提直到沙皇俄国毁灭也不曾具有。是以,也就事后决议了俄国城市自治改造的途径必定曲直折的。因为改造是沙皇自上而下停止的,弗成能依照自在派运动家的请求对社会停止变更,是以改造很不完全,其存在的抵触和成绩也一向没有处理。虽然如斯,城市自治改造对俄国的社会生涯和政治生涯均发生了严重作用。城市社会治理机关所做的基本性任务对俄国城市扶植、社会福利、文明教导的提高和医疗卫生前提的改良有主要意义。另外,改造进步了俄国"介入城市事务的认识,付与平易近众介入城市治理的权力,激活了俄国社会的政治生涯,促使俄国赓续朝国民社会成长。注释分为五个部门停止阐述：第一部门,对“城市自治”的根本概念停止剖析,而且引见了改造中的分权与集权准绳。本文以为,集权准绳是贯串俄国城市自治改造一直的根本准则。第二部门,对19世纪60年月城市自治改造的预备情形停止阐述,重要论述了俄国汗青上城市自治的传统和城市自治改造的内涵动力和改造的预备情形。本文以为,俄国城市自治改造与其自己的平易近族文明传统和社会经济成长状态之间存在着内涵的接洽。第三部门,体系论述了19世纪60年月至1892年反改造的《城市条例》实行前的情形,经由过程对1870年《城市条例》及其实行成果的剖析,我们可以看到城市社会治理机关享有的自治权长短常无限的,仅限于经济范畴；真正介入到城市社会治理事务中的人在城市居平易近中所占比例异常低；因为在社会治理机关中居于引导位置的商人品级政治积极性不高,是以,这一时代,城市杜马的政治运动重要表现在一些政治性的声明上。第四部门,剖析了1892年至1905年的俄国城市改造情形。这一时代,因为亚历山年夜三世履行反改造的政策,城市自治的权限进一步遭到限制,城市社会治理机关成了当局行政机关的从属机构,其成员成了国度行政官员；与此同时,跟着城市本钱主义的成长、处所自治人士思惟保守化的作用和反动情势的成长促使城市社会治理人员政治觉醒赓续进步,激烈请求打破现有治理体系体例的约束。配合的奋斗须要,终究在1905年前后催生了一个同一的资产阶层。从此,俄国城市社会治理机关的政治奋斗程度上升到一个新的台阶。19世纪末,当局熟悉到1892年《城市条例》其实不完美,是以对1892年《城市条例》停止了部门修订。第五部门,对18621905年俄国城市自治改造的汗青位置停止评价。本文以为,俄国城市自治改造固然具有必定的局限性,但依然获得了一系列造诣,它是俄国社会治理的一次主要测验考试和摸索。城市社会治理机关的政治运动推进了俄国由封建君主制向君主立宪制的改变。 Abstract: Russian city autonomy has a unique historical tradition, the history of the Russian history of the transformation of the old and the cause of the transformation of urban governance. The transformation of 60 years of Alexander II in the 19th century opened the city autonomy stage of development, it is Russian city autonomy tradition continues to grow and is also the process of Russian Modernization in city administration system of a main exploration. The transformation is to get rid of the big king of the system and the industrialization of the industrialization of the stop. From the perspective of the authority of the government, the transformation of urban self-government is to conform to the industrialization brought about by the administration of the increasingly complex request, the authorities do not have the spirit of the disposal of a department to urban social governance. At the same time, due to the transformation of the loss of the benefits of the elite of the attention of the city, cut to get rid of the vibration of the Russian society in russia. And the freedom of movement in the city, the city autonomy is a step to complete the requirements of the constitution of the people. Is to, in the transformation of the whole process, there has been a free school sports to seek the principle of the community and the country, the eve of the aristocracy to protect the country's principle of two kinds of transformation of the struggle. Alexander II era, transformation and achieved certain attainments, but to Alexander III era, emerge in large numbers to the transformation of the revolution, the transformation of falling dilemma and society was in silence. All kinds of achievements in the transformation of the city government, the origin of the Russian society is not mature. According to the experience of Western European countries, urban self-government is based on the flourishing of the city's civil society, and this kind of premise until the destruction of the Russian destruction of the russian. Is to be decided the way, also Russian city autonomy reform must break over. Because the transformation is the top down from the top down, put into a free school in accordance with the request of the movement to change the community, is to transform the very incomplete, the existence of conflict and performance has always been no treatment. In spite of this, the transformation of urban self-government has had a serious impact on Russia's social life and political career. The basic task of the urban social governance institution is to improve the construction of Russian cities, the improvement of social welfare, the improvement of civilization education and the improvement of medical and health conditions. In addition, reform progress the Russian intervention in urban affairs, entrusted with the plain public intervention power of urban governance, the activation of the Russian society's political career, prompting Russian ceaselessly grow toward the national society. The notes are divided into five sections: the first section analyzes the basic concept of "city autonomy", and introduces the decentralization and centralization principle in the reform. This paper thinks that centralization is the fundamental principle of the principle has been through the Russian city autonomy reform. The second sector, in the 60 years of nineteenth Century, the transformation of urban autonomy, the preparation of the situation, it is important to discuss the history of the Russian city of traditional and urban self-government transformation of the connotation of the power and transformation of the preparatory situation. In this paper, we think that the transformation of Russian urban autonomy and its own national culture and social and economic growth of the status of the existence of the connotation of the approach. The third sector, system discusses the 19th century 60 years 1892 the reverse transformation of the city ordinance, "to implement the situation before, through the process of 1870 the city ordinance" and the implementation of the outcome of the analysis, we can see that the length of the urban social governance agency enjoys autonomy often infinite, only limited to the economic category; really involved in urban governance of social affairs in the city occupies the plain near the proportion of abnormal low; because in social governance organ occupies the leading position of merchant grade political enthusiasm is not high is, in this era, the city Duma political movement important performance in some political statement. The fourth section analyzes the transformation of Russian cities from 1892 to 1905. This era, because Alexander III to fulfill the anti reform policy, the autonomy of the city authority was further restricted, urban social governance organs into the subordinate institutions of administrative authorities and its members into the national administrative officials; at the same time, along with the growth of urban capitalist growth, local autonomous people thought conservative and reactionary situation prompted urban social administrator political awakening rise ceaselessly, fierce request to break the constraint of the style of the existing governance system. With the needs of the struggle, after all, in 1905 before and after the birth of a class of the same asset class. From then on, the political struggle of the Russian urban social governing organs rose to a new level. The end of nineteenth Century, the authorities are familiar with the 1892 "city regulations" is not perfect, is in 1892, "city regulations" to stop the Department of the amendment. The fifth section, the historical position of the reform of the Russian city of 18621905 years to stop evaluation. In this paper, the transformation of Russian urban autonomy has certain limitations, but it still has a series of accomplishments, it is a major test and exploration of Russian social governance. City social management organs of political movement in Russia by the feudal monarchy to constitutional monarchy change. 目录: |
