| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 理查德·钱塞勒1553年的飞行有时开启了英俄之间的直接商业。第二年,飞行的提议者们成立了莫斯科企业,在取得英国女王封爵特许状的基本上享用了伊凡四世授与的各项商业特权,特殊是在俄罗斯境内商业免收关税。莫斯科企业垄断了英俄商业的一切方面,有时还作为英国当局的代表与俄罗斯停止商业、交际方面的协商。是以,某种水平下去说,16-17世纪的英俄商业关系成长与莫斯科企业的特权位置的变更是慎密相连的。跟着15-16世纪俄罗斯同一国度的构成,对外商业也获得了成长,然则俄罗斯在波罗的海没有一个出海口,基本没法与东方接触,从而取得本身所须要的兵器设备和技巧人才。是以英国人在俄罗斯的涌现一开端就遭到了沙皇的热闹迎接,被赐赉在俄罗斯外贸方面的垄断位置。然则,这类垄断是树立在沙皇特权授与的基本上的,随时有能够由于沙皇小我的需乞降喜恶而产生变更,这也招致两国间的商业异常不稳固。到了后来,由于荷兰人的竞争和俄罗斯精英商人的排挤,英国商人的位置也赓续降低。虽然光辉不再,然则英俄商业的成长依然给两国的经济和社会成长带来了伟大的作用,某种水平下去说,乃至作用了18、19世纪英俄之间的商业和交际关系的成长轨迹。本文总共分为五个部门,每一个部门各占一章。第一部门重要归纳综合总结16世纪下半叶之前的英国和俄罗斯两国各自的对外商业成长情形。因为间隔悠远,此时的对外商业方面,两国并没有过任何直接的接触。第二部门则重要阐述了16世纪下半期的英俄商业情形,这章是本文的重点之一。对于触及这一时代商业展开的来龙去脉的史实都停止了卖力梳理,包含1553年的飞行和莫斯科企业的详细情形。因为莫斯科企业的特权位置是维系两边商业可否正常停止的纽带,而商业的展开与两国间的政治交际互相关注,是以这也是英俄间的商业的不稳固性的主要起源。第三部门的重要内容则是17世纪的英俄商业,这也本文的另外一个重点。经由了半个世纪的成长,英俄两国间的商业在获得了必定造诣的同时也面对了新的成绩。因为时期的变换,英、俄的国际情形也产生了天崩地裂翻天覆地的变更,包含英国的反动和俄国的年夜凌乱等。分歧的统治者对于两边关系的需求也分歧,特殊是俄国方面,从而也作用了两国商业的成长情形,个中最显著的就是莫斯科企业特权位置的变更。第四部门则是对以上两个时代两国对外商业成长的作用的归纳综合。跟着商业的开端,固然两国间的来往规模无限,然则观光家、两边互派的使者和由于商业营业而交往于两国之间的人员的记载和流传,两国国民在必定水平上都接触到了分歧的文明和风俗。第五部门是本书的结语部门,重要是总结16世纪下半叶、17世纪的晚期英俄商业成长的根本特色及重要变更,同时经由过程简简论述英俄商业在18世纪的成长,经由过程对史实的剖析和数据材料比较的变更,答复本文最开端提出的成绩,即俄国反水拿破仑、损坏年夜陆封闭系统持续与英国商业的经济动因是甚么。而到此,我们也能够得出结论,年夜陆封闭系统因为俄国的参加而使英国遭到了繁重的袭击,然则其对俄国的作用也不容小觑,乃至惹起了俄国贵族的激烈否决,从而死力损坏法俄同盟。再加上掉去英国这个市场,俄国的农产物和工业原料销路受阻,同时也没法从英国取得便宜的商品,进而激发了严重的财务危机。所以说,俄罗斯不支撑拿破仑的政策、持续与英国来往是必定的。 Abstract: Richard Chancellor's 1553 flight sometimes opened direct business between Britain and Russia. The second year, flight proponents of established company, Moscow, in made queen knighted charter basically enjoyed Ivan IV granted the commercial privileges, especially in Russia commercial duty free. Moscow company monopolized all aspects of the business of the British and Russian, and sometimes as a representative of the British authorities and Russia to stop business, communication aspects of the negotiations. To some level down said, 16-17 century Russian British commercial relations with Moscow, a privileged location changes are to be linked together cheek by jowl. Follow the 15-16 century Russia the same country composition, foreign trade also grow, however, Russia in the Baltic Sea without a sea, basically no law and Oriental contact, so as to achieve itself need of weapon equipment and technical personnel. The British people in Russia's emergence of a beginning was to meet the Tsar's lively, bestow in Russian foreign trade monopoly position. However, this kind of monopoly is set in tsarist privileges granted on the basis of, at any time to the Tsar's personal needs and likes and dislikes and changes, which also lead to trade between the two countries anomaly is not stable. Later, due to crowding out the Dutch competition and the Russian elite businessman, a British businessman position is continuously reducing. Although light is no longer, however, Britain and Russia commercial growth still to their economic and social development brought great influence, a level down said, and even affect the growth trajectory of the 18th and 19th century between Britain and Russia commercial and communication relationship. This paper is divided into five departments, each of which has a chapter. The first part summarized comprehensive summary before the second half of the 16th century Britain and Russia each of the development of foreign trade situation. As the distance distant, foreign trade at this time, the two countries did not have any direct contact. The second sector is an important exposition of the second half of sixteenth Century the British and Russian business situation, this chapter is the focus of this article. A touch the ins and outs of the commercial launch of the facts are hard to sort out, including detailed flight in 1553 and Moscow. Because Moscow's privileged position is to maintain the business on both sides could stop the normal link, and the political communication between commercial development and the two countries concerned about each other, in which is between Britain and Russia commercial unstable main origin. The third sector is an important part of the British and Russian business in seventeenth Century, which is another focus of this article. After half a century of growth, the business between the two countries have achieved a certain success at the same time also face new achievements. Because the period of transformation of, Britain, Russia's international situation also produced earth shattering earth shaking changes, contains a big messy reactionary in Britain and Russia. Differences in the relationship between the rulers of the demand for the differences, especially in the Russian side, which also affected the growth of the business of the two countries, one of the most significant is the change in the privileged position of the company in moscow. The fourth section is the summary of the influence of the two countries on the development of the foreign trade of the two times. Along with the beginning of the business, although bilateral dealings with infinite scale, however a journey, on both sides of the reciprocal messenger and due to the commercial business and communication in the records of personnel between the two countries and spread, two people must level are exposed to different cultures and customs. Part five is the conclusion of the Department of the book, it is important to summary of the second half of the 16th century, late 17th century Britain and Russia commercial growth characteristics and important change, at the same time through the process the brief exposition of the Anglo Russian business growth in the 18th century, via the process of historical analysis and data materials ratio compared with the change, reply to the beginning of the results, namely Russia defection Napoleon, damage the continental closed continuous system and the economic motivation of British business is what. And here, we can draw a conclusion, land of the eve of the closed system for Russia in the UK was a heavy attack, however its impact on Russia can not be underestimated, cause even the Russian aristocrat strongly opposed to try to damage the Franco Russian alliance. In addition to the British market, Russia's agricultural products and industrial raw materials sales, but also can not get cheap goods from the UK, thereby stimulating a serious financial crisis. Therefore, Russia does not support the policy of Napoleon, continued to travel with the United Kingdom is inevitable. 目录: |
