| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，俄语论文范文，下载原文正常，俄语毕业论文，内容请直接查看目录。） 早期奥斯曼帝国的欧化改造以塞利姆三世改造为开始,中国晚清的欧化改造从洋务活动算起,奥斯曼帝国比晚晴帝国的欧化改造早半个多世纪。奥斯曼帝国遭到俄国入侵的威逼,在与俄国的战斗中屡屡掉败,不能不改造旧部队,进修欧洲的先辈技巧。晚清帝国遭到英法等国的侵犯后,自愿进修东方的技巧,创办军事工业和平易近用工业,而解决“洋务”(或“夷务”)成为清当局欧化的主要举动。两国的欧化改造,在肇端时光上有差别,而改造的配景、内容、成果都有类似的地方,至多具有可比性。本文重要参军事改造、经济改造、政治改造三个方面停止比拟,并分离剖析,最初得出结论。两国的欧化改造,重要触及奥斯曼帝国的塞利姆三世改造、马哈茂德二世改造、“坦齐马特”、两次宪政,晚清帝国的洋务活动、戊戌变法、清末新政。经由过程比拟可知：两国的欧化改造都是主动实施的,改造的过程其实不顺遂。奥斯曼帝国运用与俄国签约后长久的战争时代履行改造,晚清帝国阅历宁靖天堂活动、甲午战斗、八国联军入侵等外乱和内乱。两个落伍的年夜帝国缺乏欧化的经济基本,都是以农业为主,商品化水平低,缺乏同一的市场。再加上两国不公道的财务和税收政策,使重生的本钱主义经济遭到限制。两国的政治腐烂,社会抵触尖利。奥斯曼还有宗教、平易近族等多方面的成绩。两国的欧化改造固然都未到达预期目的,但改造是相符时期潮水的。两国的欧化改造进程都是经由了从引进器物到进修轨制的进程,军事、经济、政治改造为后来的古代化打下了基本。固然,两国欧化改造的差别也是显著的。奥斯曼帝国的改造家受过西欧的教导,对东方有较深的懂得,晚清帝国的改造者旧权要为主,对东方国度的文明和轨制熟悉不深,所以改造力度和对改造的断定有差别,改造后果天然分歧。另外,晚清帝国事一个世俗国度,宗教对统治的作用较小,而奥斯曼帝国事政教合一的帝国,宗教身分对政治作用较年夜。 Abstract: For beginning the early Ottoman Empire of the Europeanization of transformation to the transformation of Selim III, Europeanized transformation of late Qing Dynasty of China started from the Westernization Movement, the Ottoman empire than the transformation of Europeanization of Empire of the Sun Yat Sen villa early more than half a century. The Ottoman Empire was invaded Russia's bullying, in Russia's battle with often fail, transformation old unit, learning the advanced technology of Europe. In Late Imperial China was the invasion of Britain, France and other countries, voluntary Oriental learning skills, founder of military industry and civilian industry. To solve "Westernization" (or "foreign affairs") become the Europeanization of Qing authorities of the main action. Europeanization of transformation between the two countries. In the beginning of time difference, and the transformation of the background, the content, the results are similar, at least have comparability. This article is an important reference for military reform, economic reform, political transformation of the three aspects of comparison, and the separation of the analysis, the first conclusion. The transformation of Europeanization of two important touch the Ottoman Empire of Selim III transformation, transformation of Mahmoud Darwish, "Tan Zimmet", two constitutional, Empire in the late Qing Dynasty Westernization Movement, the reform movement of 1898, during the late Qing Dynasty and the new deal. Through the process of the transformation between the two countries more: Westernization are active implementation of the reform process is not smooth. After application of the Ottoman Empire and Russia signed a long era of war to fulfill the transformation. In Late Imperial China experience Ningjing heaven activities, the Sino Japanese War, the Eight Power Allied forces invaded external chaos and civil strife. The lack of two dated big empire Europeanized economy basically, is dominated by agriculture, low level of commercialization, the lack of the same market. Coupled with the unfair financial and tax policies of the two countries, the economic regeneration of the capitalist economy has been limited. Our political decay, sharp social conflicts. Osman and religious, ethnic and other aspects of the results. China is not the transformation of Europeanization reached the expected goal, but the transformation is consistent with the trend of the times. Both Europeanization transformation process is passed from the introduction of the objects to study the process of rail system, military, economic, and political transformation for later ancient lays the basic. Of course, the difference is also significant transformation of europeanization. Of the Ottoman Empire, home renovation received teachings of Western Europe, to the East have deeper understanding, old transformation in Late Imperial China right to give priority to, of oriental country civilization and rail of familiar is not deep, so transformation efforts and to the transformation of the concluded that difference, the consequences of the transformation of natural differences. Also in Late Imperial China. A secular state, religion has little influence to the ruling, and Ottoman Empire theocratic Empire, religious identity of political influence is bigger. 目录: |
