| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，俄语论文网站，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 新疆是清代最初树立的一个行省,但清朝新疆战乱频仍,城镇屡遭战斗损坏,又几度重建,经济遭到了显著的作用,特别是北疆地域,作为清朝新疆的统治中间地点,不稳固的社会状态使本地经济直到清末本也没有获得显著成长。本文测验考试从搜集到的无限材料中对清朝当地区城镇经济的状态做一个回复复兴。文章共分为六章三个部门。第一章为文章的第一部门,重要是经由过程对北疆地域的天然和社会情况停止描写,引见了北疆的天然情况和清朝北疆的社会情形,以便在对清朝时代北疆的市场状态有一个周全的懂得。文章的第二部门为第2、3、4、五章。第二章重要引见迪化地域的城镇贸易,迪化是北疆的政治经济中间,清同一新疆后仅乌鲁木齐地域建筑的城堡就有二十座之多,然则在清朝时代新疆战乱赓续,对城镇经济形成了伟大的损坏。战斗的损坏和经济的恢断交替停止,乾隆中期同一新疆后迪化贸易逐步恢复,经济的繁华使乌鲁木齐各地域逐步构成了贸易区,范围也较年夜。张格尔之乱和浩罕入侵、同光回平易近之乱、阿古柏战乱都有给迪化的城镇市场带来了损坏。然则跟着新疆的建省,社会逐步稳固,城镇市场也恢复,迪化城内贸易逐步蓬勃,邻近的昌吉、阜康、孚远等城镇贸易强大,市场生意业务的商种类类赓续增长,构成了以迪化为中间,昌吉、阜康、孚远等城镇环绕四周的贸易区。同时,官方市场和平易近间市场也有所成长,特殊是八年夜商帮和俄国商人在贸易商业中占领主要位置。镇西府是清朝北疆主要的军事、贸易地域。巴里坤为镇西府的驻地,由于地舆地位的主要,贸易和市场逐步成长,然则跟着南疆商路的通顺和后来的蒙古的自力,巴里坤的位置敏捷降低。与此同时,奇台的贸易却由于商路的变迁获得了年夜成长,成为北疆动部地域的贸易中间。伊犁是北疆西部的政治经济中间,以伊犁为中间,宁远县、绥定县、精河县、塔城厅等地城镇贸易获得分歧水平的成长。因为邻接俄国和哈萨克地域,伊犁的贸易和市场与俄国、哈萨克的商业接洽异常慎密,俄国取得了在伊犁设立商业圈的特权,在伊犁等地有年夜型的俄商商贸区。塔城是北疆别的一个主要地域,其最后因地位较靠边疆,其重要作为驻军策源地,但建省后因为其在边疆线上,固然对于军事政治较为晦气,但倒是经贸成长的优胜前提。塔城作为清俄边疆城市,边疆商人、当地商人和俄国三者间商业来往比拟旺盛,特殊是同俄国和哈萨克的商业是塔城地域市场商业的重点。文章的第三部门为第六章,是对文章的总结,剖析了清朝北疆市镇经济的特点,从中来找出作用其成长的缘由。1759年清代完成对新疆的统治后,这一地域的城镇经济也逐步获得恢复与成长。此时北疆地域的古城、迪化地域的官方与平易近间商业都已率先开端繁华起来。同时,在汗青上构成的新疆与边疆的经济关系也变得更加稳固。但跟着清当局将统治中间设在伊犁,此地的经济位置敏捷进步,特别是官方所掌管的商业更是具有垄断位置,从官方与当地和官方与境外平易近族间的生意业务便可显著表现当局政策在当地商业中所起的决议性感化。而塔城因其特别地舆地位也开端渐渐成长起来,作为边疆与这两地必经地的古城、镇西府和迪化也在赓续成长当中,并且跟着北疆开辟的日渐成熟,到清末根本构成了东以迪化为中间,作为边疆销往当地和俄罗斯等地的商品集散地;西以伊犁为中间,作为俄罗斯及周边地域往新疆和边疆商品输出的集散地,如许一个哑铃式商贸收集。但当地区的市场成长不是好事多磨的,从1759年到1912年间,因为战乱的作用该地域市场阅历了两次较年夜的升沉,重要涌现在1820～～1830年间张格尔之乱、浩罕入侵和1864～1877年间的阿古柏入侵,特别是后一次使本来新兴的城镇市场在很短的时光内便被扑灭,而在这些战斗后依附当局的力气涌现的新一轮的城镇重建,使这些地域的市场可以或许较快的恢复和成长起来,直到清当局在这里实施行省轨制后终究稳固上去。 Abstract: Xinjiang is a province of the Qing Dynasty initially set up, but the Qing Dynasty Xinjiang frequent wars, town repeatedly battle damage, and reconstruction of several, the economy has been the significant influence, especially the northern region, as the rule of the Qing Dynasty Xinjiang middle place, unstable social status enable local economy until at the end of the Qing Dynasty, this also does not get a significant growth. This article attempts from the infinite material collected in the Qing Dynasty when the economy of towns do a restore state. The article is divided into six chapters in three departments. The first chapter is the first part of the article, it is important to social situation in north through the process of the northern region of natural and social conditions stopped writing, have introduced the natural situation and north of the Qing Dynasty, in order to the market state of Qing Dynasty in the north of Xinjiang have a comprehensive understand. The second sector is second, 3, 4, five chapter. Chapter two important introduction Dihua district town of trade, the Di is northern Center for political economy, Qing with Xinjiang after only the castle of Urumqi regional architecture has 20 seat. However in the era of the Qing Dynasty Xinjiang war gengxu, on urban economic formed great damage. Battle damage and economic recovery off alternate. In Qianlong period with a Xinjiang Dihua trade gradually restored, the economic prosperity of the make of Urumqi, the regional gradually formed the trade area, the scope is larger also. Zhang Nagel and Kokand intrusion, Tongguang to plain near chaos, Yaqub war has brought damage to Dihua town market. However followed in Xinjiang Province was built, society gradually stabilized, urban market also recovered, di Huacheng trade gradually vigorous, neighboring Changji Fukang, Fu Yuan Trading towns strong, market business types of business increase ceaselessly, constitute the Di of intermediate, Changji, Fu Kang, Fu far towns such as surround around the trade area. At the same time, the official market and folk market has also been growing, special is the eight largest business group and the Russian merchant occupied the main position in the trade business. The town is the main military midget in Qing Dynasty, trade area. Barkol Xifu Town resident, due to the geographical position of trade and markets are growing gradually, however followed the southern route is smooth and later of Mongolia's independent, position of Balikun down fast. At the same time, Qitai's trade is due to the change of trade routes get big growth, has become the northern part of the regional trade center. Yili area is in the middle of the north western political and economic, in Yili for intermediate, Ningyuan County, Sui as anchoring County, Jinghe County, Tacheng hall town trade get different level of growth. Because adjacent to Russia and Kazakhstan region, Yili trade and market with Russia and Kazakhstan commercial contact abnormal cheek by jowl, Russia obtained in Yili established business privilege, in Yili have large Russian business district. Tacheng of Northern Xinjiang another main region, its final status on the frontier. One of the most important as a hotbed of garrison, but the establishment of the province after because the in the frontier line, although a more adverse political and military, but economic and trade growth of the survival of the premise. Tacheng as the Russian border city, frontier merchants and local businessmen and Russia among the three business dealings more exuberant, especially with Russia and Kazakhstan business is focus of Tacheng regional market of commercial. The third sector is the sixth chapter, is a summary of the article, analyzes the characteristics of town economy in the northern city of Qing Dynasty, in order to find out the influence of the growth of reason. In 1759 the Qing Dynasty completed the rule of Xinjiang, the regional urban economy also gradually recover and grow. The official and the people of the ancient city of northern region, Tihua region among the business has been the first to start to flourish. At the same time, in the history of Xinjiang and the frontier economic relations more stable. But along with the Qing authorities will rule in Yili, economic position here quick progress, especially the official in charge of the business is a monopoly position, from officials and local and official with the overseas plain near family business can be of significant government policy in the local business resolution sexy. And Tacheng because of its special geographical position also began to slowly grow up, as the frontier and the two must pass through the city, Zhen Xifu and Dihua also in ceaseless development, and follow the northern development is mature day after day, until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the basic form of the east to Di of intermediate, as a frontier sold to local and Russia commodity distributing center; West to Yili in the middle, as Russia and the surrounding area to Xinjiang and frontier of commodity output distribution, such as a dumbbell trade collection. But when region market growth is not all smooth sailing, from 1759 to 1912, because of the impact of the war the regional market has experienced two times more of the eve of the heave, an important emerging in 1820 ~ ~ 1830 the Zhang'ge'er rebellion, invasion of Kokand and 1864 to 1877 Yakub invaded, especially after a make originally emerging market towns in a very short period of time will be extinguished. In these battles after attachment in the strength of the authorities to emerge of a new round of urban redevelopment, the local market may be quicker recovery and growth up until the Qing authorities where the implementation of provincial rail system ultimately firm up. 目录: |
