| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 19世纪60、70年月的年夜改造是俄国汗青上最严重的政治事宜之一，历来就惹起中外史家的看重。对俄国年夜改造的研究，俄语论文范文，国际学术界曩昔重要集中在对其缘由、内容、感化、作用等成绩的剖析和商量上，而对改造详细是由谁来推进的，却很少惹起留意。基于此，作者拟在理清史实的基本上，对此成绩作一体系商量，这是本文选题的动身点。本文的根本不雅点是：开通权要详细推进了19世纪俄国的年夜改造。19世纪初，俄国已构成一支专业化的权要部队，跟着权要教导程度的年夜年夜晋升，在外务部、司法部和国有产业部等主要部分涌现了一批受过优越教导的年青权要。这些年青权要家庭出生固然比拟贫困，但教导程度较高，对俄国其时的社会状态有较为深刻的懂得。他们最后被派往下层去具体研究俄国的现实状态，而不是一开端就被灭顶在情势主义的陆地中，恰是这批人组成了俄国开通权要的主体。他们从19世纪30、40年月涌现以来，阅历了从熟习俄国的社会状态，到强大本身的权势，停止初步的改造实验，直到最初制订改造的实行计划如许的成长进程。因为他们预备充足，又获得亚历山年夜二世的支撑，改造的计划得以敏捷制订，俄国从此迈上了古代化的途径。不幸的是，开通权要的命运也像亚历山年夜二世一样具有喜剧颜色，到亚历山年夜三世下台时，开通权要的政治性命完全宣布停止。但不管若何，开通权要们所推进的改造在俄国首创了一个新的格式。本文从对“权要制”概念的辨析动手，剖析了俄国开通权要从涌现、成长直至终究加入汗青舞台的成长进程。详细包含四个部门：第一部门，权要制概念辨析。经由过程对分歧学者对权要制的熟悉和剖析动手，说明权要轨制在古代社会中的感化。第二部门，俄国开通权要涌现的汗青配景。研究19世纪俄国的权要轨制，可以发明，到尼古拉一世时代(1825—1855年)俄国权要轨制已臻完美，权要的教导程度有了较年夜的进步。不外权要情势主义的众多严重障碍了对各类成绩的有用处理，是以必需要有一股新的力气来打破这类约束。第三部门，俄国开通权要的晚期运动。为处理俄国日渐庞杂的各种成绩，一批身居高位的政治家把很多从年夜学卒业的优良青年征召进外务部、司法部等主要部分，这批人组成了开通权要的主体。他们最后去各地研究俄国下层的社会状态，如A·扎布洛茨基对俄国村庄的研究。到19世纪50年月，这些开通权要已成为对俄国社会某一方面有深入懂得的专家。第四部门，俄国开通权要与年夜改造。经由充足的预备后，俄国开通权要们已上升到决议计划的主要职位上，加上两个皇室成员叶莲娜·帕芙罗夫娜年夜公夫人和年夜公亚历山年夜·尼古拉耶维奇的支撑，年夜改造的计划被敏捷制订，俄语论文网站，井得以实行。但是开通权要终究未能延续他们所推进的改造，喜剧性地加入了俄国的政治舞台。本文的立异的地方在于：在国际史学界提出年夜改造是由开通权要详细推进并实施的。 Abstract: 19th century 60, 70 years the eve of the transformation is one of Russian history the most serious political issues, has always been caused by Chinese and foreign historians value. Study on the eve of the transformation of Russian and international academic circles in the past an important focus in on the reason, content, effect and influence of performance analysis and discussion, and the transformation with is by who to advance, but seldom cause attention. Based on this, the author intends to clarify the facts basically, this achievement as a system to discuss, this is the starting point of this topic. In this paper, the basic point is: to promote the opening of right with big transformation in nineteenth Century russia. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia has become a professional in the army, along with the right to teach the extent of Nianyenianye promotion, in the main part of the Ministry of foreign affairs and the Ministry of justice and the Ministry of state owned industry and other emerged a group of highly superior to teach young right. These young family birth is poor compared to the right, but to teach a higher degree of a society at that time to understand profoundly the Russian state. They finally sent down to discuss the specific Russian realistic state, and is not a beginning was drowned in the situation of land, is precisely this group of people formed Russia opened right to the subject. Them from the 19th century 30, 40 years have sprung up since the experienced from the familiar with the Russian social state, itself is a strong power to, stop preliminary transformation experiments, until the initial formulation of the transformation of the implementation of plans, such as the growth process. Because they prepare enough, and obtain the support of Alexander II, the transformation plan can be agile formulation, Russia from step on the ancient way. Unfortunately, opened in to the fate of also like Alexander II has comedy color, to Alexander III to step down, the opening of the right to the political life completely announced to stop. But no matter how, the right to have opened the transformation in Russia pioneered a new format. This article from the analysis of "bureaucracy" concept of hands, analyzes the Russian open right to emerge, from the growth process until eventually joining the growth stage of history. Detailed contains four parts: the first part, the concept of bureaucracy. Through the process of system analysis and familiar with different scholars on the right to the right hands, to illustrate the system in the ancient society in the role. The second sector, Russia opened the historical background of the emergence of the right to. Research in Russia in the 19th century the right to rail system, can invent, to Nicholas era (1825 - 1855) the Russian kingdom to rail system had been perfected and the right to education have greater progress. But many of the serious obstacles to the right formalism for all kinds of useful processing results, is to need to have a new effort to break the constraints. The third sector, opening the right to the advanced movement in russia. To deal with Russia increasingly complex problems, a number of high-ranking politicians to many from the University of Zuye excellent youth recruited into the Ministry of foreign affairs, the Ministry of justice, the main part, this group of people formed opening of the right to the subject. They finally go around on Russian lower social status, such as the study of Russian villages A Nowitzki's tie. In nineteenth Century 50 years, the opening of the right to have become experts understand on one aspect of Russian society. The fourth sector, the right to open and the transformation of russia. Through adequate preparation Russia opened in to have risen to the decision of the main post, two royal members Yelena Pavlovna Duchess and public Alessandra Nikolayevich support, Nianye transformation plan by a quick setting, well able to implement. But the opening of the right to continue their advance reform ultimately failed, comedy to join the Russian political arena. In this paper, the innovation lies in: in the international academic circles put forward by the right to open Nianye reform with development and implementation of the. 目录: |
