| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 清朝是中国年夜黄内销的隆盛时代。年夜黄是我国一种主要的中药药材，俄语毕业论文，在清朝的对外商业中占领相当主要的位置。特殊是清朝后期，活着界年夜黄市场的需求拉动和国际年夜黄临盆的成长下，中国年夜黄的出口量敏捷增加，成为中西商业的焦点商品之一，并获得了丰富利润。年夜黄商业对成长年夜黄临盆、改良交通运输、活泼金融、繁华经济等，发生了积极作用。清当局开端把年夜黄作为掌握外夷的手腕运用于对外商业政策理论中，并使年夜黄成为军事奋斗和交际的主要兵器。特殊是在乾隆五十一年至乾隆五十七年(1786一1792)封闭中俄恰克图通商中，清代就实行了各种查禁年夜黄的办法，在国度边疆商业掌握上见效显著，这对年夜黄制夷(俄)不雅念的成长发生了伟大的作用。年夜黄制夷不雅念风行，一向延续到雅片战斗时代，在雅片战斗时代茶黄制夷(英)理论的掉败开端招致年夜黄制夷不雅念的周全式微。在此以后，清当局在五口互市时代的年夜黄制夷理论中不时出现，咸丰时代年夜黄在制夷理论中曾经不顺应新情势的须要，完全的无可挽回的式微了。本文重要论述了清朝的年夜黄商业的商业概略、社会配景、当局治理、生意业务措施等，剖析年夜黄商业构成的缘由及资本天赋，提醒了构成分歧时代年夜黄制夷不雅念所形成的作用和启发。重点引见了中俄恰克图通商中，乾隆年间三次闭关与年夜黄商业的接洽与制约，和商业在弯曲中的成长情形。在年夜黄制俄理论中，清当局为查禁年夜黄而制止毛皮商业，这个中的联动反应与好处联系关系惹人沉思。年夜黄制夷不雅念的成长演化所带来的作用是深远的，值得沉思。起首，强化了年夜黄对于俄罗斯的意义；果断了清当局以为的年夜黄为俄国必须品的不雅念，增强了对必须品停止查禁的威力；其次，经由过程从陆路年夜黄制夷的理论扩大至海路年夜黄商业限制，涌现了多种演进形式，逐步构成了全方位的年夜黄制夷不雅念；再次，乾隆朝查禁年夜黄的作用下，推进了年夜黄制夷不雅念的成长和普及，乾隆朝对年夜黄的查禁不只使年夜黄制夷不雅念从本来的东南地域周全流传至中国沿海各省，并使“年夜黄制夷”不雅念进一步成长为“茶黄制夷”不雅念，清朝史学家赵翼称之为“天若生此二物为我朝控驭外夷之具也”的茶黄制夷论。本文研究以为经由过程一系列禁运事宜停止的深刻剖析，可以看出限制年夜黄商业、禁运毛皮等事宜不是由纯真的商务胶葛所激发的，它还触及了中俄之间的政治抵触。对于清当局与处所官员和本国商人对诸此的商业磨擦事宜的立场，可以看出清当局的夷务治理与对外商业之间的关系，从而剖析出对外商业在必定水平上是为政治所制约的。固然恰克图与广州两个港口相隔万里，但存在互相连累。本文还将从需乞降供应的角度动身，俄语毕业论文，运用国际商业实际中的互相需求实际和H一O实际，剖析的清朝中俄年夜黄商业行动在没有外力搅扰的情形下，两国的商业来往所遵守的互相需求实际和资本天赋实际，从而提醒出清朝中俄年夜黄商业中隐蔽的深层内因和念头，和由其发生的各类作用，并做出响应的客不雅评价。 Abstract: The Qing Dynasty is the Chinese rhabarbarum domestic Longsheng era. Yellow is a major Chinese herbal medicine in China, in the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty occupied a very important position. Special is the late Qing Dynasty, the world rhabarbarum market demand and international production growth rhabarbarum, exports Chinese rhabarbarum agility increased, become the focus of western commodity business, and obtain rich profit. Big yellow on the growth of commercial rhabarbarum production, transportation, finance, and improvement of economic prosperity, has a positive impact. Qing authorities began to take the eve of the master Huang as a means to grasp the external application of the foreign trade policy theory, and make Nian Yehuang become the main weapon of military struggle and communication. Especially in the fifty-one years to fifty-seven years of Qianlong (1786 - 1792) of Sino Russian trade in the Qing Dynasty closed Kiakhta, on the implementation of the various measures banning rhabarbarum, significantly in the national commercial frontier master work, the big yellow Barbarians (Russia) had great influence the concept of growth. Rhubarb barbarians concept popular, continues to fight in the battle with age, with age of yellow tea Barbarians (English) from rhubarb barbarians concept comprehensive failure theory began to decline. After this, the Qing authorities in the five frontier era rhubarb barbarians theory from time to time, to Xianfeng rhubarb barbarians in the era of theory has not adapt to the new situation, irreparable decline completely. This paper discusses the Qing Dynasty rhabarbarum commercial compendium, social context, governance, business administration methods, and analyze the reasons of capital talent rhabarbarum commercial form, to remind the rhubarb barbarians formed the different age of indecent influence formed and inspiration. Focuses on Sino Russian trade Kiakhta, Qianlong three closed door and rhabarbarum commercial contact constraints, and business growth in the situation in bending. In the eve of the Yellow Russia theory, the Qing authorities to ban rhubarb and prevent the fur business, the linkage reaction and relationship benefits make people ponder. The impact of the growth and evolution of the eve of the Yellow system is profound, and it is worth pondering. First of all, to strengthen the significance of rhubarb on Russia; the decisive concept of the Qing government think rhabarbarum as Russia must goods, enhance the product must stop the suppression of the power; secondly, through the process from the land of rhubarb barbarians theory extended to sea rhabarbarum commercial limits, the emergence of a variety of forms and gradually formed a full range of rhubarb barbarians concept; thirdly, the influence of Qianlong ban rhubarb, promote the rhubarb barbarians, the growth and popularity of Qianlong ban on the eve of the big yellow yellow not only make the barbarians concept from the original regional comprehensive spread to Southeast Chinese coastal provinces, and the "big yellow Barbarians" concept for the further growth of "yellow tea barbarians concept, the Qing Dynasty historian Zhao Yi called" two days if this material for me in controlling foreigners with "yellow tea On the theory of the system of the. In this paper, a series of studies on the issue of an embargo to stop the profound analysis, we can see that the restrictions on the eve of the Yellow business, the embargo is not the issue of fur and other matters not by the pure business glue Ge, it also touched the political conflict between China and russia. About the Qing authorities and local officials and domestic businessmen on the commercial friction matters stand, can see the relationship between foreign trade and foreign trade authorities clear governance, and analysis of foreign trade to a certain extent for the constraints of politics. The two port is Kiakhta and Guangzhou separated by thousands of miles, but each other. This article will be from the demand and supply point of view, the actual use of international trade with each other in the actual demand and H O a practical analysis of the Qing Dynasty, Sino Russian rhabarbarum commercial operations in the absence of force disturbance situation, bilateral business with each other and the actual demand of capital talent reality, thereby revealing the deep internal and the idea of the Qing Dynasty in the Russian rhabarbarum business secret, and all kinds of produced by the impact, and respond to the objective evaluation. 目录: |
