| 摘要:（摘要内容经过系统自动伪原创处理以避免复制，下载原文正常，内容请直接查看目录。） 农业成绩是我国俄罗斯（苏联）研究范畴的冷门。苏联时代的农业研究带有显著的认识形状特点，而现代俄罗斯农业研究因为各种缘由还相当完善。本文的重要研究对象是俄罗斯的农业改造现状及其远景，但现状是在汗青的基本上构成的，是以，本文也对俄罗斯帝国和苏联时代的农业改造停止了汗青梳理。虽然天然地舆前提晦气，但这其实不是俄罗斯（苏联）农业成绩的决议身分。依据汗青比拟研究发明，在分歧轨制下，农业成长状态的差距是很年夜的，可见，俄罗斯农业的状态与轨制有着逻辑接洽。本文重要是从鼓励机制（包含产权和市场机制）、国度搀扶和范围经济三个方面临分歧时代的农业停止考核。经由过程研究发明，在分歧的时代，改造有分歧的侧重点。斯托雷日常平凡期和新经济政策时代，改造的重点是鼓励机制，而在赫鲁晓夫时代，侧重点是国度搀扶。这几方面的改造政策都曾使农业在短时光内迸发出伟大的临盆力。而与之绝对应的是村社、战时共产主义和个人化时代。在村社和战时共产主义时代，上述三方面的轨制都处于缺掉状况；而在个人化时代，则是只要范围没有经济。虽经由赫鲁晓夫改造和勃列日涅夫时代的调剂，在国度搀扶和范围都已具有的前提下，苏联农业终究依然没有解脱临盆率低下的局势，可见成绩出在鼓励机制上。恰是地盘国有和市场机制的缺掉，使苏联的农业社会化改革没有获得预期的后果。苏联崩溃后，俄罗斯停止了农业产权公有化改造。因为苏联时代的农业部分重要是两种产权运营情势一个人一切制公司（个人农庄）和公营公司（公营农场、公营农产物加工和办事公司），另外有大批的个别副业，是以，产权改造的内容重要有两方面：地盘产权的改造和运营主体的改组。详细而言，就是地盘的非国有化和公有化、个人农庄和公营农场的公有化和农业加工、办事等公司的公有化。但是，在旧体系体例被敏捷摧毁，新体系体例还没有构成，改制后的农业公司急需政策搀扶之际，国度却把它抛进了“市场经济"的年夜潮当中，再加上微观经济情况的好转，年夜多半公司堕入了严重的财政危机，从而招致了20世纪90年月的农业危机。产权改造没有敏捷处理俄罗斯的农业效力成绩。研究发明，90年月俄罗斯农业的成长静态与全部公民经济的静态是分歧的。但21世纪以来，在微观经济目标坚持较快增加的情形下，农业在经由2000年和2001年的高速增加后，又从新进入低速增加的状况。本文从农业政策及轨制的角度对农业的成长现状、成因及其远景停止了商量。本文的结论是：1、虽然俄罗斯成长农业的气象前提异常晦气，但经由过程轨制改造，俄语论文网站，依然有相当年夜的潜力；二，农业的轨制改造是一个体系工程，而俄罗斯的农业改造又是一个没有任何世界经历可以参考的特例，由于没有哪一个国度的农业部分像俄罗斯那样，有苏联时代遗留上去的、范围宏大的农业公司。是以，单方面强调个体的改造办法，而疏忽其他制约身分，没法处理俄罗斯的世纪困难。依据世界农业的经历，年夜力成长家庭农场，使之成为重要的农业商品临盆者，或许是俄罗斯农业的将来成长偏向。只要将轨制立异、不雅念改革和国度政策联合起来，俄罗斯农业才有能够走上古代化的、可连续成长的途径。本文从轨制变更与农业成长的关系动身，俄语论文网站，运用汗青比拟的办法，将汗青研究归入对现代俄罗斯农业成绩的剖析；运用新轨制经济学和古代经济学的实际和办法，和社会学研究办法，对俄罗斯（苏联）农业改造的经济和社会心义停止了商量和评价。总之，本文彩取多学科穿插的研究办法，从多个角度商量了俄罗斯（苏联）农业的成长状态、成因和远景。本文的立异的地方在于：从轨制角度研究俄罗斯农业可连续成长成绩，将汗青归入实际成绩的研究，将社会文明身分归入对经济的剖析，提醒俄罗斯农业成绩发生的本源，并测验考试对其成长趋向做．出一些评价。 Abstract: Our country is agricultural achievements of Russia (Soviet Union) on the field of popular. Soviet era of agricultural research with a significant understanding of the shape of the characteristics of modern agriculture, and modern agricultural research because of a variety of reasons is also quite perfect. The important research object is a Russian transformation of agriculture present situation and prospect, but the current situation is that in the history of basically composed of is, this paper also agricultural transformation of the era in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union stopped to comb the history. Although the natural geography condition is bad, but this is not Russia (Soviet Union) identity resolution agricultural achievements. According to historical analogy research and invention, under different rail system, the gap between the growth of agriculture is very large, visible, the state of Russia's agriculture has a logical connection with the system. This paper is from incentive mechanism (including property rights and market mechanism), the national arm and scope economy facing agriculture in different ages to stop the assessment. Through the process of research and invention, in the era of differences, there are differences in the transformation of the focus. Storey of ordinary period and new economic policy era and transformation of key is incentive mechanism, and in the Khrushchev era, the focus is to assist the country. The transformation policy of these aspects have been made in agriculture in a short time to burst out of the great productivity. And it should be the village society, the wartime communism and the personal times. In the village and the wartime communist era, the above three aspects of the system are in the lack of status; and in the personal era, it is as long as there is no economy. Although through the adjustment of Khrushchev transformation and the Brezhnev era, in helped the country and scope has the premise, Soviet agriculture eventually still did not free situation of low birth rate, the results have shown out in incentive mechanism. It is the lack of land owned and market mechanism, so that the Soviet Union's agricultural social reform did not get the expected consequences. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia stopped the transformation of agricultural property rights. Because the Soviet agriculture an important part of the two kinds of property rights operation situation a person all of the enterprise (individual farms) and public enterprises (state-owned farm, public agricultural product processing and service enterprises). In addition, there are a large number of individual avocation is, property right reform important content has two aspects: land property rights transformation and operation of the main body of the reorganization. In detail, is the site of the non state owned and public, private and public owned farms and agricultural processing, services and other enterprises of the public. However, in the style of the old system was rapidly destroyed, the new system does not, after the restructuring of the agricultural enterprises need policy helped the occasion, the country is the throw it into the "market economy" of the eve of the tide which, coupled with the macroeconomic situation improves, most of the eve of the enterprises fall into a serious financial crisis, which could cause the agricultural crisis of the 1990s. Property rights reform does not have a quick deal with Russia's agricultural efficiency. Research and invention, in the 90 years, the growth of Russian agriculture and all the static state of the economy is divided. However, since twenty-first Century, in the case of the rapid increase in the micro economic goals, agriculture in 2000 and 2001 after the high-speed increase, and from the new into the low speed increase. In this paper, from the perspective of agricultural policy and rail system, the status quo, causes and prospects of agricultural development are discussed. The conclusion of this paper is: 1, although Russia's development and agricultural weather conditions extremely unlucky, but through the process of the reform of the system, there are still a large potential; second, institutional transformation of agriculture is a system engineering, and transformation of Russian agriculture is a without any world experience can be a reference for the special case, due to the absence of agricultural part of which a country like Russia, as a Soviet era left, large-scale agricultural enterprises. It is a unilateral emphasis on the transformation of the individual approach, and the negligence of other constraints, can not deal with Russia's century difficulties. Based on the experience of agriculture in the world, the force of the eve of the growth of family farms, to become an important agricultural commodity production, perhaps Russia agriculture for the future development. As long as the institutional innovation, indecent read reform and national policy together, Russian agriculture is ancient the, can develop continuously the way to go. The start from the relationship of institutional change and agricultural development, application history match, history study included of modern Russian agriculture performance analysis; application of new institutional economics and modern economics theory and method, and social studies of Russia (the Soviet Union) transformation of agricultural economic and social meaning stopped discussion and evaluation. In a word, the research method of the color of the paper is to discuss the growth state, origin and Prospect of Russia (Soviet Union) agriculture from several angles. Place of innovation of this paper lies in: from the rail system angle, the research of Russian agriculture can be continuous growth performance, the history is included in the actual performance of the research, the social civilization factors included in the analysis of economy and remind the origin of the Russian agricultural achievement, and test the growth trend to do. Some evaluation. 目录: |
