Acknowledgements 4-5 摘要 5-6 Abstract 6 ChapterⅠ. Introduction 9-14 1.1 Why is it Necessary to Study the L2 Acquisition of Mandarin Tones? 9-11 1.1.1 Mandarin Chinese as a Foreign Language 9-10 1.1.2 Tone in Mandarin Chinese 10-11 1.2 The Significance of this Study 11-12 1.3 The Structure of this Study 12-13 1.4 Hypotheses of this Study 13-14 ChapterⅡ. Literature Review 14-28 2.1 A Sketch of Mandarin Tones 14-19 2.1.1 Tone Languages and the Four Mandarin Tones 14-16 2.1.2 Difficulties in Learning Mandarin Tones for Foreign Speakers 16-19 2.2 Effects of L1 Background on L2 Speech Acquisition 19-26 2.2.1 Transfer 19-21 2.2.2 Effects of L1 Background on the Perception of L2 Speech 21-23 2.2.3 Effects of L1 Background on the Production of L2 Speech 23-26 2.3 Suggestions to Remedy the Difficulties in Learning Mandarin Tones 26-27 2.4 Conclusion 27-28 Chapter Ⅲ. Experiment I: Mandarin Tone Perception 28-38 3.1 Participants 28-29 3.2 Materials 29-30 3.3 Procedure 30-31 3.4 Results 31-34 3.4.1 Percentage of Correct Scores 31-32 3.4.2 Tonal Confusions 32-34 3.5 Analysis and Discussion 34-36 3.5.1 Comparison between Mandarin Learners at Different Levels 34-36 3.5.2 Comparison between Mandarin Learners with Different L1 Backgrounds 36 3.6 Explanations of the Results 36-38 Chapter Ⅳ. Experiment Ⅱ: Mandarin Tone Production 38-49 4.1 Participants 38-39 4.2 Materials 39-40 4.3 Procedure 40-41 4.4 Results 41-44 4.4.1 Percentage of Correct Scores 41-42 4.4.2 Tonal Confusions 42-44 4.5 Analysis and Discussion 44-46 4.5.1 Comparison between Mandarin Learners at Different Levels 44-45 4.5.2 Comparison between Mandarin Learners with Different L1 Backgrounds 45-46 4.6 Explanations of the Results 46-49 Chapter Ⅴ. Conclusions 49-53 5.1 Conclusions 49-50 5.2 Suggestions on Teaching Mandarin Tone to Foreign Learners 50-51 5.3 Limitations of this Study 51-53 References 53-56 Appendix 1 56-59 Appendix 2 59-60 Appendix 3 60-61 Appendix 4 61-65 |
