对课堂导入的英文思考策略[英语论文]

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王志祥,江苏省宝应县实验小学。


    导入是小学英语课堂教学的一个重要环节,精彩的导入可以在几分钟内迅速让学生集中注意力,激发他们的学习欲望,唤醒他们内在的记忆图式。导入恰当与否联系到整节课的成败。
    近期,本地区举行了一次青年教师教学赛课活动,多位教师分别执教了《牛津小学英语》(译林版)教材6A Unit 7 At Christmas的A部分。该阅读课通过吉姆一家在圣诞节互赠礼物、谈论礼物归属这一情景,引出重点学习内容,即名词性物主代词。通过本课的学习,学生应能正确区分两种物主代词的不同用法,并能在情景中正确使用名词性物主代词。教师们精彩的呈现、学生积极的操练和熟练的应用给听课教师留下了深刻的印象。
    在导入环节,笔者发现不少教师对课堂导入的影响认识不足,导致导入环节或匆匆而过,或拖沓冗长;或浅尝辄止,或好高骛远;或波澜不惊,或人声鼎沸。以下笔者将结合四位授课教师的导入实例进行研讨。
    现象一:目的不明确,师生难配合
    [教学过程实录]
    1.学生齐唱歌曲“Where Is My Diary?”
    Oh, where is my diary? I just can't find it. It was in my bedroom a moment ago. Perhaps it's in my school bag. Perhaps it's under my bed. Oh, where is it? Where's my diary? Where's my diary?
    2.师生自由交谈
    T: I am so glad to meet you. Are you happy today, boys and girls?
    Ss: Yes/No.(有的学生回答“Yes.”,有的学生回答“No.”,全班哄堂大笑,教师也尴尬地笑了)
    T: Let's make friends. What do you like?
    S1: I like cats.
    T: What can you do?
    S1: I can sing, dance, draw and play table tennis.
    T: (不断比划动作进行提示)What do you like to do?
    S1: I like dancing.(猜出老师的意图是让其使用like doing回答)
    T: Very good.
    T: Do you like dancing?(学生们开始踊跃举手回答问题)
    S2: No. I like running.
    T: And you?
    S3: I like swimming.
    T: Me too. Swimming is good for our health. We are good friends.
    T: Today is the 11th of November. Christmas is coming. Today we will study Unit 7 At Christmas.
    [问题剖析]
    导入不可只求表面上的热闹而忽视其主要目的,它应当是实现教学目标的一个重要环节。在课的开始,该教师试图通过歌曲激发学生的学习兴趣,但遗憾的是,教师在选择歌曲时没有从教学目标出发,结合教学内容选择与之适合的歌曲。在师生对话环节,该教师想通过对话拉近师生间的距离,学生也踊跃地回答老师的提问,但所谈话题与本节课的教学内容没有多少关联。课文内容主要涉及物品的归属,而导入环节却反复谈论个人爱好,将重点放在复习学生早已能熟练应用的句型上。因此,该导入环节实际上只是履行了导入这个程序,并没有为下一步教学做好热身和铺垫,没有起到激活学生已有知识的影响。
    现象二:学情未略论,话题难展开
    [教学过程实录]
    T: Hello, boys and girls. What day is it today?
    Ss: It's Thursday.
    T: What date is it today?
    Ss: It's the 11th of November.
    T: In the west, the most important festival of the year is coming soon. What is it?(学生们一脸茫然,教师只好自问自答)It's Christmas. How do people prepare for Christmas? Hands up,please!(仍没有学生举手回答)They often buy some presents for their relatives and friends.(还是没有学生举手,教室里一片沉寂,教师面露焦急的神色)Do you understand?
    Ss: (似懂非懂,盲目地)Yes.
    T: Now let's study the new unit about Christmas, OK?
    Ss: OK.
    [问题剖析]
    学生是教与学的主体,教学效果的优劣需通过学生的学习来体现。导入的设计要从学生的实际出发,既要考虑学生的年龄、性格特征,又要考虑学生的水平。在这个导入环节,该教师设计问题时没有考虑学生的接受能力,提问中出现的west,the most important, prepare for这些学生还未掌握的词汇给他们造成了学习障碍,也使得话题很难开展下去,话轮无法持续。另外,该教师为了展现自己高人一筹的英语口语水平,表达时语速过快,无形之中设置了信息输入的障碍,使学生的思维跟不上老师的节奏,也是造成话题无法展开的一个主要原因。如果小学生的学习主体地位长期处于被忽视的状态,很容易丧失对英语学习的兴趣,并产生学习焦虑。
    现象三:活动不新颖,英语毕业论文,兴趣难激发
    [教学过程实录]
    T: Good morning.
    Ss: Good morning.
    T: There are many pictures in my hand.(出示许多图片)Look at the first one. What's this?
    S1: It's a watch.
    T: Spell it, please.
    S1: w-a-t-c-h.
    当一位学生回答时,其他学生观望。教师用同样的措施出示图片,复习了近来新学的20多个单词。
    T:(拿出课前从学生那里搜集来的书本等学习用品进行提问)Whose is this book?
    S2: It's Shun Jun's.
    T: Now please write the question and th answer on the blackboard.
    T: Can you read the sentences on the blackboard?
    S2:(有气无力地)OK.
    T: Do you want to know something about Christmas?
    Ss: Yes/No.(回答“NO.”的声音比“Yes.”的响亮)
    T: Now please read after me the title of Unit 7: At Christmas.
    [问题剖析]
    合理的导入能使学生对学习新知识产生兴奋感,能将学生带入学习的准备状态。该教师虽然能围绕教学目标,在导入环节通过对话复习形容词性物主代词的用法,为下面的学习做了铺垫,但可惜的是该教师忽视了学生的学习兴趣,设计的活动过于重复、单调。在学生对话时,该教师还不时中断交际,让学生拼写词汇和句型,使学生无法保持兴趣,导入效果差。
    现象四:时间未控制,结构不合理
    [教学过程实录]
    T: Hi,(头戴圣诞帽进入课堂)I'm Father Christmas. I am coming!
    Ss: Hi!
    T: Merry Christmas!
    Ss: Merry Christmas!
    T: What date is today?
    S1: Today is the 11th of November.
    T: Let's count numbers from one to thirty.
    Ss: One, two, three...
    T: Great! Let's spell the ordinal numbers from thirtieth to first.
    Ss: Thir

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