这篇研讨了对室内空气质量的理解,不同的室内空气污染物,室外空气进入建筑和解释之间的关系糟糕的空气质量在威胁着学校和学生的健康。除此之外,一些常见疾病也是由空气质量差引起的。与此同时,有直接的健康作用和长期健康作用房间室内空气污染物,危害学生的健康。总之,室内空气质量差对学生的健康有负面作用,我们有浪费在学校却没有时间来改善室内空气质量。
HYPOTHESIS
Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools has a negative effect on student health and can sometimes cause certain diseases.
ABSTRACT
It is universally acknowledged that there is too great a consumption of fossil fuels in this highly industrialized society and thanks to that, air pollution become more severe than ever before. Besides, secondhand smoke, one of the major indoor air pollutants, are usually being neglected. In addition, biological pollutants also make indoor air quality worse. Since pupils spent most of their time indoors in school, poor air conditions can sometimes trigger various students’ health problems.
1. INTRODUCTION
Indoor air quality in school becomes a popular topic nowadays since the population of students with asthma or allergic reactions is increasing in highly developed urban areas. According to Liu Ying (Institute of Environmental Health & Engineering, China), city dwellers spent 90% of their time indoors and the Series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Part 4F (Pluschke, Peter (Ed.) 2017, XI, 270 p.)states that people who stay indoors are exposed to a broad range of pollutants from indoor sources like building materials, furniture, carpets and textiles, heating and cooking, household and consumer products, etc. The volume provides a comprehensive review on the major indoor air pollutants: volatile organic compounds, biocides, indoor particles and fibers, combustion products and micro organisms and their metabolites. Sources and sinks of air pollutants in indoor environments and their chemistry are distinctly different from ambient air pollution even though the latter may influence indoor air quality. Adsorption and desorption processes, the pollutant source dynamics, gas phase reactions and kinetics - including the fate and final chemical destiny of chemically unstable intermediate compounds - are topics of scientific research as well as the evaluation of their sensory impact and irritation potential. Guidelines for assessing indoor pollution and a broad range of analytic methods have been recently developed and are reviewed by internationally renowned scientists. The specific characteristics of indoor air pollution in developing countries due to the widespread use of open fires for cooking, heating and lighting are analyzed as well as the Chinese strategies to address the growing pollution problems by air pollution in its modern building stock.
2. DISCUSSION
WHAT LEADS TO POOR AIR QUALITY ?
The burning of fossil fuels
Thanks to the development of industry, the demand and consuming of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, is growing larger and larger, which will undoubtedly discharge all kinds of air pollutants into the air.
Through infiltration, natural ventilation, and mechanical ventilation, outdoor air enters and leaves a house. In a process known as infiltration, outdoor air flows into the house through openings, joints, and cracks in walls, floors, and ceilings, and around windows and doors. In natural ventilation, air moves through opened windows and doors. Air movement associated with infiltration and natural ventilation is caused by air temperature differences between indoors and outdoors and by wind.
Finally, there are a number of mechanical ventilation devices, from outdoor-vented fans that intermittently remove air from a single room, such as bathrooms and kitchen, to air handling systems that use fans and duct work to continuously remove indoor air and distribute filtered and conditioned outdoor air to strategic points throughout the house. The rate at which outdoor air replaces indoor air is described as the air exchange rate.
When there is little infiltration, natural ventilation, or mechanical ventilation, the air exchange rate is low and pollutant levels can increase.
Secondhand smoke
Secondhand smoke can come into your apartment in multiple ways. Secondhand smoke does not respect boundaries, seeping through light fixtures, wall electric outlets, ceiling crawl spaces, and doorways into all areas of a building with smokers. Secondhand smoke cannot be controlled by ventilation, air cleaning, or the separation of smokers from nonsmokers. The U.S. Surgeon General has determined that there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke and that eliminating smoking in indoor spaces is the only way to fully protect nonsmokers from second hand smoke exposure.
Biological pollutants
Biological contaminants include bacteria, molds, mildew, viruses, animal dander and cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches, and pollen. There are many sources of these pollutants. Pollens originate from plants; viruses are transmitted by people and animals; bacteria are carried by people, animals, and soil and plant debris; and household pets are sources of saliva and animal dander. The protein in urine from rats and mice is a potent allergen. When it dries, it can become airborne. Contaminated central air handling systems can become breeding grounds for mold, mildew, and other sources of biological contaminants and can then distribute these contaminants through the home.
By controlling the relative humidity level in a home, the growth of some sources of biological can be minimized. A relative humidity of 30-50 percent is generally recommended for homes. Standing water, water-damaged materials, or wet surfaces also serve as a breeding ground for molds, mildews, bacteria, and insects. House dust mites, the source of one of the most powerful biological allergens, grow in damp, warm environments.
3. MON DISEASES RELATED TO POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY
According to a survey conducted by Chinese Center For Disease Control And Prevention(CDC) in 2017,people who spend most of their time in the “sick building-indoors air pollution and low air exchange rate”(CDC) are more likely to catch the “Sicr Building Synolrome”(CDC).Allergic reactions, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic rhinitis, and some types of asthma. Infectious illnesses, such as influenza, measles, and chicken pox (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DC) are transmitted through the air. Molds and mildews release disease-causing toxins. Symptoms of health problems caused by biological pollutants include sneezing, watery eyes, coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, lethargy, fever, and digestive problems(Chuck W. F. Yu).
Allergic reactions occur only after repeated exposure to a specific biological allergen. However, that reaction may occur immediately upon re-exposure or after multiple exposures over time. As a result, people who have noticed only mild allergic reactions, or no reactions at all, may suddenly find themselves very sensitive to particular allergens.
Some diseases, like humidifier fever, are associated with exposure to toxins from microorganisms that can grow in large building ventilation systems. However, these diseases can also be traced to microorganisms that grow in home heating and cooling systems and humidifiers. Children, elderly people, and people with breathing problems, allergies, and lung diseases are particularly susceptible to disease-causing biological agents in the indoor air.
Chuck W. F. Yu said that health effects from indoor air pollutants may be experienced soon after exposure or, possibly, years later.
Immediate effects
Immediate effects may show up after a single exposure or repeated exposures. These include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Such immediate effects are usually short-term and treatable. Sometimes the treatment is simply eliminating the person's exposure to the source of the pollution, if it can be identified. Symptoms of some diseases, including asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and humidifier fever (PDF), may also show up soon after exposure to some indoor air pollutants.
The likelihood of immediate reactions to indoor air pollutants depends on several factors. Age and preexisting medical conditions are two important influences. In other cases, whether a person reacts to a pollutant depends on individual sensitivity, which varies tremendously from person to person. Some people can become sensitized to biological pollutants after repeated exposures, and it appears that some people can become sensitized to chemical pollutants as well.
Certain immediate effects are similar to those from colds or other viral diseases, so it is often difficult to determine if the symptoms are a result of exposure to indoor air pollution. For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the time and place symptoms occur. If the symptoms fade or go away when a person is away from home, for example, an effort should be made to identify indoor air sources that may be possible causes. Some effects may be made worse by an inadequate supply of outdoor air or from the heating, cooling, or humidity conditions prevalent in the home.
Long-term effects
Other health effects may show up either years after exposure has occurred or only after long or repeated periods of exposure. These effects, which include some respiratory diseases, heart disease, and cancer, can be severely debilitating or fatal. It is prudent to try to improve the indoor air quality in school even if symptoms are not noticeable.
While pollutants commonly found in indoor air are responsible for many harmful effects, there is considerable uncertainty about what concentrations or periods of exposure are necessary to produce specific health problems. People also react very differently to exposure to indoor air pollutants. Further research is needed to better understand which health effects occur after exposure to the average pollutant concentrations found in homes and which occurs from the higher concentrations that occur for short periods of time.
4. CONCLUSION
This explored understandings of indoor air quality (IQA), different indoor air pollutants, how outdoor air get into buildings and explained the relationship between poor air quality in school and students’ health. In addition to that, it illustrated some common diseases triggered by poor air quality. Meanwhile, it said that there are immediate health effects and long-term health effects room indoor air pollutants, which will do harms to students’ health. To sum up, poor indoor air quality has negative effects on student’s health and we shall waste no time to improve indoor air quality in schools.
REFERENCES
With contributions by numerous experts-Indoor Air Pollution Part F
Series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Part 4F
2017, XI, 270 p.
Chuck W. F. Yu and Jeong Tai Kim-Indoor and Built Environment 2017 20: 5 originally
published online 25 January 2017 Building Environmental Assessment Schemes for Rating of
Cheng Tao-Survey on Air-conditioned Indoor Air Quality and Pollution on Human Health
J Med Pest Control,Aug 2017,Vol.28.No.08
Liu Ying,Dai Zizhu,Gan yongxiang-Indoor Air Quality(IAQ) with Human Health
Chinese Center For Disease Control And Prevention(CDC)
Bull Med Res,July2017,Vol.29,No.07
Green building and indoor air quality. Facilities management carpeting feature: ?type=Sustainability&title=Green%20Building%20and%20Indoor%20Air%20Quality&pub=USGBC&id=40622&mode=source
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