这篇讲诉了，GIS(地理信息系统)是一种新的地理探讨技术自1960年代以来蓬勃发展。它是一个功能强大的软件技术,允许一个几乎无限数量的信息与地理位置有关。越来越广泛而深刻的环境原因,从科学探讨丰富的数据资源,以及计算机和GIS技术的持续改进,所有呼吁更广泛和深入的运用GIS在环境领域,如环境管理、环境作用评价、污染监测、环境图形,在ArcGIS等。,一个著名的独立产品使用各种略论工具帮助人们做出更好的决策环境问题。
GIS(Geographic Information System) is a new geographical research technology thriving since the 1960s. It is a powerful software technology that allows a virtually unlimited amount of information to be linked to a geographic location. The more and more extensive and profound environmental causes, abundant data resources from scientific researches, as well as the continuous improvement of the computer and GIS technology, all call for wider and deeper application of GIS in the environment field, such as the environmental management, environmental impact assessment, pollution monitoring, environmental graphics, etc. In ArcGIS, one well-known product of ESRI, various analytical tools are used help people make better decisions on environmental issues.
GIS is an interdisciplinary technique, integrated by computer science, geography, surveying, cartography and stuff. Generally speaking, GIS includes computer hardware and software systems and processes that are used to solve complex planning and management problems, and supports spatial data collection, management, operation, analysis and simulation. Main functions of GIS include the input, storage, processing and output of geographic data collected from map-vectorization, remote sensing data, GPS, etc. GIS’s characteristics are: strong system of spatial data management; vivid and intuitive user interface; powerful spatial analysis capability.
Environmental management refers to using economic, legal, technical, administrative, education and other means, to restrict the activities of the human damage to the environment. Through comprehensive planning, environmental management aims to obtain economic development in harmony with environment, in order to meet human’s needs within the limit of environment. GIS-based environmental management system is an information system serving the environmental management. It establishes management application method to make full use of environmental data.
ESRI's GIS solutions to environmental management
ESRI's GIS products include ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server, ArcGIS Engine and so on. In ArcGIS Desktop, people could view, explore, and print ESRI published map files by ArcReader, deal with comprehensive data, mapping and analysis by ArcView, edit or create geographic data with the use of ArcEditor, and invoke advanced geoprocessing tools in ArcInfo. ArcGIS Server is a comprehensive GIS server platform for enterprise and Web application developers. It is used to build distributed and multitier enterprise information system configurations. ArcGIS Engine is a set of core software components and tools. It is a resources package for developers to build custom GIS and mapping applications. Other services include ArcGIS 3D Analyst, ArcPad, ArcWebS, etc.
Those tools could be used in various dimensions in environmental management. For enterprise users, ArcGIS could help organize existing information and communicate that information throughout their organizations, and act as a strategic tool to automate processes, transform environmental management operations. In the Private Sector, ArcGIS could assist people analyze various types of important information. In the field, ESRI’s mobile solutions bring office technology for work processes such as surveying and vegetation inventory capture. In the Public Sector, E-government GIS portal technology could deliver environment maps on the Web.
Examples on GIS’s applications in real-world environmental issues
Trim key sources of pollution. Key pollution source management is an important content of environmental management. Through using GIS, the geographical location, pollution type, pollution load and impact on the quality of environment of key pollution source can be clearly reflected on the regional map. Moreover, GIS can be further connected with the drain monitoring equipment of pollution sources, and use GIS to comprehensively analyze and manage all kinds of pollution factors, effectively strengthening the monitoring process of key pollution sources. Ventura, for example, has used the analysis and evaluation of urban non-point source pollution, combined with the distribution of land types, to provide decision-making basis for further action.
Disaster reduction and handle emergencies. Environmental pollution accidents can cause serious pollution to environment in a short time, so it requires the environment protection bureaus to quickly put forward treatment and protective measures according to different pollutants after accidents. The application of GIS could enhance the efficiency of management. GIS can mark the spatial location, attributes of substances and treatment methods of pollutants to the map, and then combine them with the atmospheric and watery diffusion model to establish pollution accident and dangerous material handling system. Through GIS’s spatial analysis and dynamic prediction ability, managers can predict the scope and degree of pollution after the accident, and thus are able to make quick, accurate and comprehensive protective measures.
Monitoring and management of atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric pollution data includes the quantity of various pollutants, as well as the location information of pollution sources. For emissions of the same pollutant, because of the different geographical positions and the influence of meteorological conditions, the scope of its pollution level is also different, and this is called the space characteristics of atmospheric pollution. Monitoring and controlling atmospheric pollutants’ emissions not only needs quantitative analysis, but also requires spatial analysis, such as calculating the correlation of emissions and environmental concentration. GIS technology, with its advantage of combining quantitative and spatial analysis, is quite suitable to monitor the atmospheric pollution sources and control the emissions. Compared to traditional quantitative analysis methods for merely statistical data, GIS could combine quantitative analysis, spatial analysis and system analysis, which is the key to realize the scientific management and decision-making of atmospheric environment.
Conclusion
GIS solutions in environmental management have combined the advanced spatial analysis technology of GIS with basic data and spatial graphics library, which could make the decision-making process of environmental problems more intuitive, fast and effective. GIS-based Environment Information System can generate and manage spatial database, offer functions of decision aids by using spatial query and spatial model. In addition, through utilizing the dynamic model, it can strengthen the visual diffusion effect of water, gas and pollutants, making it more intuitive and dynamic. The application of GIS makes environmental management more scientific, accurate and adaptable, and enables decision-making departments to make more comprehensive and advantageous decisions, also contributing to improving the environmental awareness of public. Through providing information processing technology and decision support to environmental management, GIS will promote environmental protection to a new stage.
Reference
Reinhand Zolitz-Moller, 1997. Environmental planning with help of digital geographical information and the ecosystem approach. GIS, 1997, 6: 20~ 23
Chaosheng Zhang, OlleSelinus,1998.Statistics and GIS in environmental geochemistry — some problems and solutions, Journal of Geochemical Exploration 64 (1998) 339–354
Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava, R.M., 1989. An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York. Journal, A.G., Huijbregts, Ch. J., 1978. Mining Geostatistics. Academic Press, London, 600 pp.
Lam, D.C.L., Mayfield, C.I., Swaylne, D.A., Hopkins, K., 1994.A prototype information system for watershed managementand planning. J. Biol. Syst. 2 (4), 499–517.
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