在这篇中，英语论文范文，作者将作者会考究 can peace ever come from war, and are people ever ready to be free of conflict for power 这个问题来揭示古罗马的内在矛盾，英语论文题目，也会引用 Livy的 History of Rome和the Aeneid，并探讨can stability in achievements and in human relationships be achieved这个问题，引用 the Aeneid 和 Catullus. In book II, VII, XI等，显示了人类不稳定的人际关系和成就等。
Hoping to reveal the conflicting side of ancient Rome from an innate perspective, in this I will exam question “can peace ever come from war, and are people ever ready to be free of conflict for power” with reference to Livy's History of Rome and the Aeneid, and question “can stability in achievements and in human relationships be achieved” with reference to the Aeneid and Catullus. In book II, VII, XI of the Aeneid and Livy's book I& II, it suggests that war took over peace in ancient Rome, and then this mal-balance also shows in instability of human relationship and achievement, which is revealed in Catullus and the Aeneid’s book II, VII, XI.
Following the Rome’s origin is a cruel history replete with battles since the day when Rome civilization starts with the massacre of Trojans. As Catullus writes, “the third heir of deceitful Pelops lays waste the walls of Troy, besieged in the weary war.” (Cat 64.345) After long journey, in Laurentian territory, as “Trojans disembarked, they began to plunder the neighborhood, he Aborigines.” (Livy, 1.1) Later, between the legendary twins of Rome, “heated passions led to bloodshed; in the tumult Remus was killed.” (Livy, 1.7)
Later at the early stage of the State’s establishment, when the Veientes keeps intrusion for booty, “the Romans defeat them and devastated their fields more out of revenge than for the sake of plunder”, demonstrating Rome’s hardness. (Livy 1.15) Reflecting on the ruling of Romulus and Numa, Livy acknowledges the necessity of wars, writing: “Thus by two successive kings the greatness of the State was advanced; by each in a different way, by the one through war, by the other through peace.”(Livy 1.21)
While Rome grows bigger, to “put an end to these irregular and scattered excursions on the part of the Etruscans”, they still hold an inhumane way to deal with weaker disturber with an iron wrist. (Livy 2.11) The way Auruncans is treated is an extreme example. It “were treated with no less rigor…the principal men were beheaded, the rest of the townsfolk sold as slaves.”(Livy 2.17)
Surprisingly, as for it people however, some unwelcome Rome citizens are faced with assassinations, which could make the threatened at least “unnerved” or even make desirable proposals. Mucius, who proposes “for the restoration of the Tarquins, more because he could not well refuse their request than because he had any hope of its being granted.” (Livy 2.13)
Besides, in Vigil’s poem, it is manifesting that at that age, there existed prevail hatred among countries. In the Aeneid, Vigil employs Juno the Queen to represent anthropic evil. “O fates of Troy, which Juno’s fates oppose! Could they not fall unpitied on the plain?” (Aen 7.296-297) She even appealed to the war-thirsty Fury for assistance, who later delighted by “the discord is complete, nor you command the peace”. (Aen 7.522-526) Therefore, war remains a component in Romans’ lives.
Moreover, ancient people can be described as fiery-spirited. For instance, when Turnus’s antagonism is enflamed, his “peace polluted…to force the foes from the Lavinian shore”. (Aen 7.464-468) Even the crowed are aroused—“Increase the clamor, and the war demand”. (Aen 7.586-589)
As ancient Roman people are generally inflammable and warlike, connections between people are weak and filled with suspicion. Wise Laocoon persuades his people not to bring in the Greek’s horse by crying “Trust not their presents, nor admit the horse.” (Aen 2.47-48) However, sometimes the public, out of their mind, tends to be “against all omens of their ill success”, unwilling to take any advice. (Aen 7.586-589) Therefore, as someone who knows what is following, Vigil comments “A thousand ships, nor ten years’ siege, had done. False tears and fawning words the city won.” (Aen 2.196-198)
In the form of myth, Catullus describes an indifferent family, “the brother’s hand was stained with a brother’s blood…not afraid of desecrating the household shrine.” (Cat 64.399)
Even lovers in his encounters betray. A prince abandoned “her father in preferring the sweet love of Theseus,” however one day she finds herself “abandoned wretchedly to empty sands. But uncaring the hero… casting his vain promises to the stormy winds.” Therefore she decided revenge “as Theseus left me alone…pursue him and his with murder.” (Cat 64)
The Romans not only despite their foe, and even despite their hero—Caesar regardless his achievement, which in some degree proves that there is no such thing as stable achievement. Another poet, Catullus, also proves the distrust and changeable bond between people. Catullus, though with his father as the friend of Ceasar, he per se holds an Ambiguous towards this leader and his achievement. In his work, he mocks Ceasar’s relationship with his companion. He implies: “you’re shameless…it wasn’t for this, you, the unique leader”. (Cat 29) Moreover, Catullus offenses “beautifully matched the perverse buggers, Mamurra the catamite and Caesar.” (Cat 57) Or he takes indifferent view, “I’ve no great inclination to want to please you, Caesar, or to know which of the two you are, black or white.” (Cat 93) However, curiously, his attitude towards Ceasar’s accomplishment is not sustaining. In a poem, he writes in between the lines that “viewing great Caesars monuments”. (Cat 11)
In ancient Rome, war is not necessary followed by peace, even the intension is to defend itself. The rising of Rome civilization brings not only prosperity but also a conflicting nature for its people which add to uncertainty to maintain this militaristic giant.
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