历史记录由司马迁是中国民族精神的重要材料。他促进国家和民族的集成的方式表达民族精神的人,人物和故事,并提高其哲学和道德。毫无疑问,正面人物的精神有助于我们的国家和民族在改善我们国家的道德品质。作为一个历史学家和思想家,司马迁的人道主义思想体系是由他的评论不同的历史故事,人类特征和价值观以及以人为本的方式记录历史
Abstract: To record historical events, to select and assess the historical personages, to judge one’s outlook on live value, are main ways Sima Qian reflects the Human-rooted ideas in “Shi Ji”. Expressing the principles of man-rooted ideas is his ideological core and starting point to write the book “Shi Ji”. Sima Qian compiled the historical events creatively and he is the first one that evaluated outlook on profit objectively and justly, as showed the values orientation.
Key words: take human as root; principles of narrating historical events; values orientation
“Shi Ji” was written by Sima Qian under the profound influenced of Han Dynasty. The culture in Han Dynasty is a broad and profound culture, being worshiped and admired by Eastern and Western modern scholars. Han culture was formed on the base of the core of Chinese ancient culture. The typical political policy in Han Dynasty is ousting the hundred schools and only focusing on Confucianism. The primary character of the Chinese traditional politics ideology is not so much the ideology of people-as-foundation as the connection of people-as-foundation and humanism, because the ideology of humanism is not only the basis of the Confucianism but also the foundation of the ideology of people-as-foundation, the social practice of the West and East Han Dynasty and the transformation of the ideology during the Han-Wei period reflect it fully. To better adapt to this mainstream political system and inherit the tradition culture of Confucianism, a great many writers in Han Dynasty sought to achieve human-rooted spirits in their historical writings, including Sima Qian.
Sima Qian (BC135-?)was a historian and writer during the Han dynasty. (108BC) Feng Yuan, Sima Qian inherited his father’s job to become a imperial astronomer who write the events happened. He began to organize the history books excerpted from the Royal Museum collection. His father is not very prominent at that time, but Sima Qian was proud of his father, in his mind to repair history is a noble job, so he dedicated to his project by entire life.
Writing a history book had always been Sima Qian’s dreams and in order to realize his dreams, Sima Qian had made great efforts and learnt to observe the human nature. He began to learn classical literacy since he was 10 years old. Later, he followed Dong Zhongshu to learn about “spring and autumn” and learning “Shangshu” from Kong Anguo. Sima Qian study hard and very fast, and this lay a good foundation for his writing of the masterpiece “Shi Ji”. Some Sinologists believe Sima Qian was following an historical tradition begun (supposedly) by Confucius (as commentator, editor, compiler, or author) in the Spring and Autumn Annals [also known as The Lessons of the Past], about three centuries earlier. Sima Qian used such material for his research, but he developed a form for history writing that better suited the Chinese: It served as an enduring model through 26 dynasties, for two millennia, into the twentieth century.
“Shi Ji” combines biography of select important figures with regional chronology, thus people is the main object of portray in this book. Some historians, like Sima Quan and Herodotus, the Greek father of history, include extensive travel in their research. Individual historians uniquely evaluate and combine the various, generally conflicting demands of each component as well as of all the contradictions inherent in the sets of so-called facts. Different historic figures and traditional Chinese history had included separate sets of chronological records, including genealogies, and collections of speeches in five separate sections by Sima Qian.
In the 1980s, Li Zehou and Liu Gang proposed that the main purpose of Sima Qian’s writing of “Shi Ji” is to express the resentment and one of their foundations is Sima Qian’s “Letter to Ren An” .They held that Sima Qian regards the greatest literary works in history as the masterpiece with the aim of expressing anger by sages and men of virtue. However, expressing resentment is one of but not the major concept of Sima Qian’s writings.
By excavating the profound connotation in his writings, it is not difficult to find out that the specific disposition is the belief and defense of “Righteousness” and “Tao”. Both concepts imply the praise of individual personality，英语论文，individual morality and ideal. The human-rooted idea is quite apparent through various descriptions of people’s activities in “Shi Ji”.
Take “Letter to Ren An” for instance. Sima Qian explains that the reason why he would rather living in dishonor than to die is that he intends to swallow humiliation in order to carry out an important mission of handing down his own work over ages. “I wished to examine into all that concerns heaven and man, to penetrate the changes of the past and present, completing all the work of one family. But before I had finished my rough manuscript, I met with this calamity. It is because I regretted that it had not been completed that I submitted to the extreme penalty without rancor. When I have truly completed this work, I shall deposit it in some safe place. If it may be handed down to men who will appreciate it and penetrate to the villages and great cities, then though I should suffer a thousand mutilations, what regret would I have? ” says Sima Qian in “Letter to Ren An” in “Shi Ji”. He determines to follow the traits of the predecessors and carry on the work they left undone. This not only reflects Sima Qian’s life choice, but also his high evaluation for the predecessor’s endeavor and spirits.
Another evidence strongly confirms that Sima Qian highlights the humanism in “Shi Ji”, intentionally or unintentionally, that is the story of “Lian Po and Lin Xiangru”. For all his life, Lin Xiangru was practicing the basic spirit of the tradition Confucianism and made efforts to put it into practice. Loyal, faithful, brave and harmonious are typical word used to describe Lin Xiangru. Lin’s noble spirit was agreeable with the ideas of Confucianism and he was highly recommended by his ruling class, and even common people. Thus “Lin Xiangru Phenomenon” came into being in Han Dynasty and “Fu Jing Qing Zui” had been regarded as a noble behavior ever since.
Sima Qian used detail portrayals and scene descriptions and sharp comments to convey his own standpoint and to communicate with the readers. In “Shi Ji”, there are descriptions like "Emperor Zhou's disposition was sharp, his discernment was keen, and his physical strength excelled that of other people. He fought ferocious animals with his bare hands. He considered everyone beneath him. He was fond of wine, licentious in pleasure and doted on women… ” Another one is like this "He then ordered his Music Master to compose new licentious music and depraved songs. By a pool filled with wine, through meat hanging like a forest, he made naked men and women chase one another and engage in drinking long into the night." From the text, we can clearly see that Sima Qian is straightforward and makes no disguise of the truth of the emperor, and furthermore, of the inner nature of human. A true great writing focuses not only the surface phenomena, but something buried deeply in our hearts. Almost every person he describes is like a mirror, reflecting different kinds of person in our real life. Sima Qian’s strong care for people is implicit but profound.
The Historical records written by Sima Qian is an important material of Chinese national spirit. He facilitate the integration of state and nation in the way of expressing national spirit in persons, figures and stories, and raising it to philosophy and morality. Undoubtedly, the spirits of the obverse figures will be helpful to our country and nationalities in improving our nation's moral quality. As a historian and thinker, Sima Qian’s system of humanitarian thought was composed of his comment on various of historical stories, human characteristics and values as well as his human-centered way of recording history.
Reference
[1]Xiang Jinwei: Humanism and the ideology of people-as-founadation[J].Social Science in Yunnan No.5.May,2017.
[2]Liang Anhe: On Sima Qian’s Humanitarian Thought[J].Journal of Xiang Yang Nornal University. Vol20 No.3,June,2017.
[3]Zhao Yuzhu: Historical—events illustration of human—rooted philosophy[J].Journal of Dezhou University.October,2017.
[4] "Form and Narrative in Ssu-ma Ch'ien's Shih chi," by Grant Hardy; Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR), Vol. 14 (Dec., 1992).
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