The research object of this paper is a plain 1865 1913 years the Russian autonomous institutions premises near career move. The Russian authorities under authoritarian rule, the scale of the autonomous institutions premises movement is very small, some people are tightening to category. But the livelihood of the people is the premises of autonomous institutions may play important role to the important attainment is the transformation of the autonomous district. Introduces local autonomous organizations of the plain near his citizens of a teaching, medical and health, achievements of agricultural farmers and other category (veterinary science, statistics, roads, fire insurance, etc.) research, discuss premises autonomous institutions of the plain near his is how to stop, for what could be make people stare at attainments. In the category of teaching citizens, key premises autonomous institutions is the growth of higher education. In place of autonomy reform at the beginning of the growth of autonomous institutions of higher education on the premises to reward system. Praise for a rail system although Eph into prevent strip grade color and serious ills, but it actually to increase the elementary schools in the country a large number of set. In nineteenth Century 90 years in the future, the Provincial Bureau of the autonomous premises through intense debate, the resolution of positive growth of higher education, and further provided for the development of the popularization of teaching. In the government's assistance, universal primary developed around the teaching scale, obtained great achievement, teach citizens also become the main place of autonomous institutions. Provincial Bureau of premises and autonomous had long-term will Nianye departments teach income to invest in the secondary schools, 90 years later, followed by the provincial local autonomous institutions attention to elementary education and popularization education, on secondary school happen the investment growth is slow, accounting for the income citizens teach budget proportion is getting smaller. Make teachers is an important sports provincial autonomous institutions tend to one of the premises. Therefore the premises Bureau of autonomous support normal Hong homes, and in other middle schools give scholarships to attract talent, also has invited famous educator for teachers organized a large amount of training classes and Congress, to improve their knowledge and teaching level. As a place to autonomous personnel, teachers and doctors, agronomists and other than the wage level is much lower, especially female teachers. In the teacher's judicial and social position, carefully monitor their hand by authorities, on the other hand, in the place of autonomous agency and their own efforts, its position has certainly improved. Vocational education important agricultural education and handicraft industry contains teaching two aspects, the most prominent said is the premises Bureau of autonomous around beefing up many agricultural schools and handicraft school happen, created a group of agronomist and technicians. School teaching is the school teaching method is useless for the main progress of public civilization and enrich their civilization career. Local autonomous institutions in growing out of school taught the movement is more complex, contains support outside the library, organization plain in studying will, offer adult education classes, book publication of books and journals, establish a library book business expansion and so on. In the medical and health category, under the guidance of the Provincial Bureau of premises and autonomous, provincial hospital and mental hospital construction made great growth; in under the guidance of the county district autonomous agency, rural area of regional medical, hospital, healers standing, doctors, healers, medical help personnel and hospital beds number are large increase. At the same time, Russian medical strength from the healers to the doctor change, major medical institutions from the healers station change to the hospital, an important cure and governance methods from itinerant inspection to the hospital Zuozhen change. Out of the Russian medical treatment and management of low degree, the first step to establish a modern health care system. Start charging outpatient treatment, then follow the increase of medical income to foster autonomous Bureau of premises, some places began to implement free clinic. By the end of nineteenth Century, most counties have implemented the outpatient. A hospital is a start for free, in the doctor's interference under the premises of autonomous institutions gradually implement the hospital charges. At the beginning of the twentieth Century, charge medical principle formally established, became one of the most prominent medical marking of autonomy, but also the great Russian medical service offer. In order to implement the medical fees, building a number of autonomous institutions place pharmacies, in order to purchase low-cost drugs and payment of charges. Expansion of health and epidemic prevention, is the main part of the autonomous medical premises. Therefore the premises Bureau of autonomous employ some health doctor, specialized in hygiene investigation and study, and establish a health committee and executive agencies of the Department of health, some provinces also set up a health monitoring station. In order to reduce the incidence of a disease, places province autonomous Bureau introduced a number of health regulations, support including medical food station and summer nursery locations within the medical charity initiatives measures. Facing the epidemic and infectious diseases, bureau of premises using a variety of methods to deal with all levels of autonomy, reduce people's casualty rate. The premises of autonomous institutions also served as control of smallpox vaccination. In order to carry management of medical staff, Provincial Bureau of premises and autonomous organization the doctor on behalf of the general assembly, they to the growth of the local autonomous medical to main effect, many measures are implemented in their recommendations, and to promote. Other doctors also set up their own occupation group, the most important is doctor Piro G J association. Overall, local autonomous medical reality set up a full civilian medical charge form, which in more than 100 years ago, the authoritarian Russia can perhaps finished, you cannot say is a kind of great attainments, compared with the transformation of medical conditions, is a leap. On the achievements of agriculture and farmers, in order to overcome the serfdom reform after the emergence of the agricultural crisis, premises Bureau of autonomous founded the a series of financial institutions, in order to landowners and farmers to make loans. These institutions include: sixty years of the 19th century place bank autonomy, mutual loan and savings company; 80 years in the future, the non black soil region of some places autonomous bureau also issued land mortgage loan; eighty or ninety years, premises Bureau of autonomous has sponsored the growth of peasant land bank, under the sponsorship of the farmers purchase site with the landlord sell site; to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, premises Bureau of autonomous has also launched a food mortgage, beefing up the a number of small depository institutions. Knows will farmers less and no middle class of achievements and place autonomous institutions to support farmers to Siberia, the province border area migration, cover village, restriction sites. In order to develop the rural economy, autonomous institutions employ agronomist premises. At the beginning of the 20th century, in order to enable an agronomist motion double deep rural, local autonomous institutions of counties stopped farming area of plan and construction, and set the position of rural agronomist, nearly interval to guide farmers to give birth. Agronomists to foster the experiment field, demonstration area, farm experiment stations, but also the implementation of planting grass. Agricultural warehouse premises Bureau of autonomous stop implementation of improved farm machinery and farm the best way, not only reduced the price of farm machinery, also let farmers could afford to buy. Local autonomous institutions view of achievements of agricultural workers last important consideration as employed the landlord's benefits, then increasingly valued agricultural workers rights protection. In order to grow a cottage industry, sixty or seventy years of the 19th century, some premises Bureau of autonomous start organizing farmers to foster handicraft rest combine, but more of the eve of losing settled. By the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century, in order to solve the handicraft industry product sales performance, place of handicraft museum to foster autonomous bureau. In order to supply funds to the handicraft industry and the premises Bureau established the autonomous special industrial bank. In order to improve the quality of handicraft products, handicraft industry premises Board to foster autonomous teaching workshops, the appointment of expert skills. In short, local self-government institutions agricultural growth is the greatest victory is commanded hand to kill agronomists to around the guidance of agricultural production, this reality represents a with traditional intensive agriculture growth form completely different skills led to comprehensive development of the form. In veterinary medicine category, premises Bureau of autonomous employ a large amount of veterinary personnel stop motion plant disease epidemic, and veterinary doctor as an intermediate stop district veterinary plan, veterinary hospital construction etc. medical practices, to promote the veterinary important obligations from the prevention to cure. Premises Bureau of autonomous statistician in theory, keep the households according to statistics, value on the farmers' personal examination and interrogation, in order to get the true and comprehensive is closer to the student information has laid the foundation. Premises Bureau also launched the autonomous road movements, enhance the infrastructure construction of premises. Russian local self-government organization of the plain near his reason for great attainments, is because they keep the three principles: respect for talent, namely take the local autonomous intellectual as intermediate to stop coherent category of planning and construction; second is a public,: try to completely for public welfare, try to make plain nearly all the little bear may not undertake the operation cost, and not to burden to their growth; the third is universal, that try to make everything is perhaps the most of the eve of the peoples, special is plain grassroots public enjoy plain near his benefits. The three principles of our old people's livelihood construction still has significance. 目录: |
